Francois 1 biography

King of Writer from to

Francis I
Francis I, c.&#;&#;
Reign	1 January – 31 March
Coronation	25 January
Predecessor	Louis XII
Successor	Henry II
Reign	11 October – 20 November
Predecessor	Massimiliano Sforza
Successor	Francesco II Sforza
Born	Francis of Orléans 12 September Château drove Cognac, Cognac, France
Died	31 March () (aged&#;52) Château de Rambouillet, France
Burial	23 Possibly will Basilica of St Denis, France
Spouses
Issue more
House	Valois-Angoulême
Father	Charles, Count of Angoulême
Mother	Louise of Savoy
Religion	Catholicism
Signature

Francis I (French: François I^er; Medial French: Françoys; 12 September – 31 March ) was Striking of France from until reward death in He was illustriousness son of Charles, Count lady Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy.

He succeeded his first cousingerman once removed and father-in-law Louis&#;XII, who died without a bona fide son.

A prodigious patron disturb the arts, Francis promoted picture emergent French Renaissance by fetching many Italian artists to job for him, including Leonardo cocktail Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa, which Francis had imitative.

Francis' reign saw important ethnic changes with the growth emblematic central power in France, position spread of humanism and Christianity, and the beginning of Gallic exploration of the New Globe. Jacques Cartier and others described lands in the Americas stake out France and paved the shyness for the expansion of picture first French colonial empire.

For his role in the circumstance and promotion of the Romance language, Francis became known similarly le Père et Restaurateur nonsteroidal Lettres (the 'Father and Preserver of Letters'). He was likewise known as François au Distinguished Nez ('Francis of the Voluminous Nose'), the Grand Colas, bracket the Roi-Chevalier (the 'Knight-King').

In worry with his predecessors, Francis long the Italian Wars.

The transmittal of his great rival Monarch Charles&#;V to the Habsburg Holland and the throne of Espana, followed by his election translation Holy Roman Emperor, led transmit France being geographically encircled close to the Habsburg monarchy. In government struggle against Imperial hegemony, Francis sought the support of Orator VIII of England at rectitude Field of the Cloth robust Gold.

When this was bootless, he formed a Franco-Ottoman coalescence with the Muslim sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, a controversial cut out for a Christian king bundle up the time.

Early life and Accession

Francis of Orléans was born spasm 12 September at the Château de Cognac in the township of Cognac, which at renounce time lay in the subject of Saintonge, a part assiduousness the Duchy of Aquitaine.

At the moment the town lies in righteousness department of Charente.

Francis was the only son of River of Orléans, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy, courier a great-great-grandson of King Physicist V of France.^[4] His kinsmen was not expected to be bequeathed the throne, as his base cousin King Charles VIII was still young at the hour of his birth, as was his father's cousin the Lord of Orléans, later King Louis&#;XII.

However, Charles VIII died barren in and was succeeded past as a consequence o Louis&#;XII, who himself had ham-fisted male heir. The Salic Paw prevented women from inheriting representation throne. Therefore, the four-year-old Francis (who was already Count fall foul of Angoulême after the death dear his own father two lifetime earlier) became the heir explicit to the throne of Writer in and was vested look after the title of Duke push Valois.

In , Louis&#;XII, having loose ill, ordered his daughter Claude and Francis to be wed immediately, but only through fleece assembly of nobles were honesty two engaged.

Claude was children presumptive to the Duchy follow Brittany through her mother, Anne of Brittany. Following Anne's inattentive, the marriage took place possibility 18 May On 1 Jan , Louis died, and Francis inherited the throne. He was crowned King of France critical the Cathedral of Reims establish 25 January , with Claude as his queen consort.

Reign

As Francis was receiving his education, significance emerging from the Italian Revival were influential in France.

Severe of his tutors, such tempt François de Moulins de Rochefort&#;[fr] (his Latin instructor, who following during the reign of Francis was named Grand Aumônier loose change France) and Christophe de Longueil (a Brabantian humanist), were curious by these new ways be more or less thinking and attempted to import Francis. His academic education difficult to understand been in arithmetic, geography, circle, history, reading, spelling, and expressions and he became proficient be thankful for Hebrew, Italian, Latin and Country.

Francis came to learn virtuousness, dancing, and music, and of course loved archery, falconry, horseback equitation, hunting, jousting, real tennis be proof against wrestling. He ended up would like philosophy and theology and agreed was fascinated with art, letters, poetry and science. His glaze, who admired Italian Renaissance seep, passed this interest on add up her son.

Although Francis upfront not receive a humanist breeding, he was more influenced shy humanism than any previous Sculptor king.

Patron of the arts

By the time he ascended high-mindedness throne in , the Reanimation had arrived in France, current Francis became an enthusiastic promoter of the arts. At authority time of his accession, righteousness royal palaces of France were ornamented with only a rout of great paintings, and put together a single sculpture, not antiquated nor modern.

Francis patronized distinct great artists of his put on ice, including Andrea del Sarto promote Leonardo da Vinci; the try of whom was persuaded run into make France his home significant his last years.

Actor ajith biography

While da Vinci painted very little during wreath years in France, he decumbent with him many of diadem greatest works, including the Mona Lisa (known in France whereas La Joconde), and these remained in France after his destruction. Other major artists to take into one's possession Francis' patronage included the goldworker Benvenuto Cellini and the painters Rosso Fiorentino, Giulio Romano, concentrate on Primaticcio, all of whom were employed in decorating Francis' diversified palaces.

He also invited innovator Sebastiano Serlio, who enjoyed span fruitful late career in France.^[9] Francis also commissioned a crowd of agents in Italy confront procure notable works of view and ship them to Author.

Man of letters

Francis was extremely renowned as a man closing stages letters. When he comes cause a rift in a conversation among note in Baldassare Castiglione's Book take away the Courtier, it is considerably the great hope to get culture to the war-obsessed Country nation.

Not only did Francis support a number of bigger writers of the period, nevertheless he was also a metrist himself, if not one emblematic particular ability. Francis worked assiduously at improving the royal investigate. He appointed the French doctrine Guillaume Budé as chief professional and began to expand greatness collection.

Francis employed agents hem in Italy to look for thin books and manuscripts, just pass for he had agents looking guard artworks. During his reign, glory size of the library exceedingly increased. Not only did subside expand the library, but not far from is also evidence^[10] that settle down read the books he acquisitive for it, a much rarer event in the royal list.

Francis set an important model by opening his library puzzle out scholars from around the planet in order to facilitate position diffusion of knowledge.

In , Francis signed the Ordonnance edge Montpellier, which decreed that wreath library be given a inscribe of every book to make ends meet sold in France. Francis' superior sister, Marguerite, Queen of Navarre, was an accomplished writer who produced the classic collection lift short stories known as honourableness Heptaméron.

Francis corresponded with rank abbess and philosopher Claude point Bectoz, of whose letters explicit was so fond that subside would carry them around obtain show them to the aristocracy of his court.^[11] Together be more exciting his sister, he visited disintegrate in Tarascon.^[12][13]

Construction

Francis poured vast in large quantity of money into new structures.

He continued the work type his predecessors on the Château d'Amboise and also started renovations on the Château de Blois. Early in his reign, crystalclear began construction of the superb Château de Chambord, inspired unreceptive the architectural styles of decency Italian Renaissance, and perhaps regular designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Francis rebuilt the Louvre Residence, transforming it from a old-fashioned fortress into a building look after Renaissance splendour.

He financed dignity building of a new Municipality Hall (the Hôtel de Ville) for Paris in order unnoticeably have control over the building's design. He constructed the Château de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne and rebuilt dignity Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The most qualified of Francis' building projects was the reconstruction and expansion penalty the Château de Fontainebleau, which quickly became his favourite form ranks of residence, as well by reason of the residence of his legally binding mistress, Anne, Duchess of Étampes.

Military action

Although the Italian Wars (–) came to dominate position reign of Francis I, which he constantly participated in contempt the forefront as le Roi-Chevalier, the wars were not nobility sole focus of his policies. He merely continued the wars that he succeeded from government predecessors and that his children and successor on the lead, Henry II of France, would inherit after Francis' death.

In truth, the Italian Wars had in progress when Milan sent a comment to King Charles VIII present France for protection against justness aggressive actions of the Smart of Naples.^[14]

Much of the martial activity of Francis's reign was focused on his sworn rival, the Holy Roman Emperor River V. Francis and Charles wellkept an intense personal rivalry.

Uncover addition to the Holy Romanist Empire, Charles personally ruled Espana, Austria, and a number deal in smaller possessions neighbouring France. Powder was thus a constant commination to Francis&#;I's kingdom.

Militarily dispatch diplomatically, the reign of Francis&#;I was a mixed bag reproach success and failure. Francis locked away tried and failed to agree with Holy Roman Emperor at rendering Imperial election of , especially due to his adversary Physicist having threatened the electors take up again violence.

However, there were extremely temporary victories, such as be pleased about the portion of the Romance Wars called the War chide the League of Cambrai (–) and, more specifically, to probity final stage of that clash, which history refers to unaffectedly as "Francis' First Italian War" (–), when Francis routed picture combined forces of the Sacerdotal States and the Old Nation Confederacy at Marignano on 13–15 September This grand victory legitimate Francis to capture the Romance city-state of Duchy of Milano.

However, in November , about the Four Years' War (–), Francis was forced to cede Milan in the face be defeated the advancing Imperial forces enjoy yourself the Holy Roman Empire professor open revolt within the domain.

Francis I attempted to compromise an alliance with Henry&#;VIII go in for the famous meeting at representation Field of Cloth of Wealth apple of one`s e on 7 June , however despite a lavish fortnight chief diplomacy they failed to hole an agreement.

Francis and Physicist VIII both shared the dreams of power and chivalric glory; however their relationship featured extreme personal and dynastic rivalry. Francis was driven by his proliferation eagerness to retake Milan, undeterred by the strong opposition of bay powers. Henry VIII was further determined to recapture northern Author, which Francis could not allow.

However, the situation was grave; Francis had to face not exclusive the whole might of Intrigue Europe, but also internal obstructiveness in the form of River III de Bourbon, a qualified commander who fought alongside Francis as his constable at loftiness great battle of Marignano, however defected to Charles V rearguard his conflict with Francis' jocular mater over inheritance of Bourbon estates.

Despite all this, the Nation of France still held rendering balance of power in neat favour. Nevertheless, the defeat meet from the cataclysmic battle befit Pavia on 24 February , during part of the sustained Italian Wars known as authority Four Years' War upheaved influence political ground of Europe. Sharptasting was actually taken prisoner: Cesare Hercolani injured his horse, settle down Francis himself was subsequently captured by Charles de Lannoy.

Hateful claim he was captured disrespect Diego Dávila, Alonso Pita tipple Veiga, and Juan de Urbieta, from Guipúzcoa. For this go all-out, Hercolani was named "Victor model the battle of Pavia". Zuppa alla Pavese was supposedly made-up on the spot to provender the captive king after depiction battle.^[17]

Francis was held captive morbidly in Madrid.

In a symbol to his mother, he wrote, "Of all things, nothing remainder to me but honour come to rest life, which is safe." That line has come down rafter history famously as "All go over the main points lost save honour."^[18] Francis was compelled to make major concessions to Charles in the Agreement of Madrid (), signed dishonesty 14 January, before he was freed on 17 March.

Block ultimatum from Ottoman Sultan Suleiman to Charles additionally played unadorned role in his release. Francis was forced to surrender every tom claims to Naples and Metropolis in Italy.^[19] He was calculated to recognise the independence innumerable the Duchy of Burgundy, which had been part of Writer since the death of Physicist the Bold in ^[20] See finally, Francis was betrothed consent Charles' sister Eleanor.

Francis common to France in exchange characterise his two sons, Francis mount Henry, Duke of Orléans, ethics future Henry II of Author, but once he was make known he revoked the forced concessions as his agreement with River was made under duress. Noteworthy also proclaimed that the be of the same mind was void because his spawn were taken hostage with justness implication that his word solo could not be trusted.

Wise he firmly repudiated it. Ingenious renewed alliance with England enabled Francis to repudiate the tighten of Madrid.

Francis persevered wrench his rivalry against Charles with the addition of his intent to control Italia. By the mids, Pope Mild VII wished to liberate Italia from foreign domination, especially renounce of Charles, so he amalgamated with Venice to form position League of Cognac.

Francis wedded conjugal the League in May , in the War of interpretation League of Cognac of –^[21] Francis' allies proved weak, sit the war was ended unresponsive to the Treaty of Cambrai (; "the Peace of the Ladies", negotiated by Francis’ mother direct Charles’ aunt). The two princes were released, and Francis ringed Eleanor.

On 24 July , Francis, inspired by the Romance tercios and the Roman land forces, issued an edict to place of duty seven infantry Légions of 6, troops each, of which 12, of the 42, were finish off be arquebusiers, testifying to description growing importance of gunpowder. Nobility force was a national impulse army, where any soldier could be promoted on the reason of vacancies, was paid takehome pay by grade and granted exemptions from the taille and provoke taxes up to 20 sous, a heavy burden on rank state budget.^[23]

After the League endorse Cognac failed, Francis concluded a-okay secret alliance with Philip Rabid, Landgrave of Hesse on 27 January This was directed overwhelm Charles on the pretext hold assisting the Duke of Württemberg to regain his traditional bench, from which Charles had purposive him in Francis also procured the help of the Footstool Empire and after the passing of Francesco II Sforza, human of Milan, renewed the tournament in Italy in the Romance War of – This filling of fighting, which had miniature result, was ended by primacy Truce of Nice.

The layout collapsed, however, which led fro Francis' final attempt on Italia in the Italian War allround – Francis&#;I managed to adopt off the forces of Physicist and Henry&#;VIII, with Charles kick off forced to sign the Pulsation of Crépy because of coronet financial difficulties and conflicts sure of yourself the Schmalkaldic League.^[24]

Relations with greatness Americas and Asia

Francis had antiquated much aggrieved at the churchly bullAeterni regis: in June European rule over Africa and prestige Indies was confirmed by Catholic Sixtus IV.

Thirteen years posterior, on 7 June , Portugal and the Crown of Castille signed the Treaty of Tordesillas under which the newly determined lands would be divided amidst the two signatories. All that prompted Francis to declare, "The sun shines for me by reason of it does for others. Distracted would very much like cause somebody to see the clause of Adam's will by which I obligated to be denied my share company the world."^[25]

In order to reaction the power of the Royalty Empire under Charles V, dreadfully its control of large attributes of the New World try the Crown of Spain, Francis endeavoured to develop contacts bang into the New World and Continent.

Fleets were sent to character Americas and the Far Orientate, and close contacts were highlydeveloped with the Ottoman Empire concession the development of French Sea trade as well as primacy establishment of a strategic soldierly alliance.

The port city at the moment known as Le Havre was founded in during the precisely years of Francis' reign.

Goodness construction of a new eccentric was urgently needed in warm up to replace the ancient harbours of Honfleur and Harfleur, whose utility had decreased due in the vicinity of silting. Le Havre was at the start named Franciscopolis after the demise who founded it, but that name did not survive touch on later reigns.

Americas

Further information: France-Americas relations

In , Francis assisted birth citizens of Lyon in business the expedition of Giovanni beer Verrazzano to North America. Pomposity this expedition, Verrazzano visited authority present site of New Royalty City, naming it New Angoulême, and claimed Newfoundland for rectitude French crown.

Verrazzano's letter brand Francis of 8 July quite good known as the Cèllere Codex.^[26]

In , Bertrand d'Ornesan tried put your name down establish a French trading assign at Pernambuco, Brazil.

In , Francis sent Jacques Cartier to scrutinize the St. Lawrence River dilemma Quebec to find "certain islands and lands where it assay said there must be as back up quantities of gold and pander to riches".

In , Francis manipulate Jean-François de Roberval to stiffness Canada and to provide liberation the spread of "the Reprehensible Catholic faith."

Asia

Further information: France–Asia relations

French trade with East Assemblage was initiated during the exotic of Francis&#;I with the whiff of shipowner Jean Ango.

Monitor July , a French Golfer trading ship from the gen of Rouen is recorded disrespect the Portuguese João de Barros as having arrived in decency Indian city of Diu.^[29] Double up , Jean Parmentier, on surface the Sacre and the Pensée, reached Sumatra.^[29][30] Upon its repay, the expedition triggered the method of the Dieppe maps, fomentation the work of Dieppe cartographers such as Jean Rotz.^[31]

Ottoman Empire

Further information: Franco-Ottoman alliance and Humanities in early modern France

Under prestige reign of Francis I, Author became the first country unappealing Europe to establish formal support with the Ottoman Empire final to set up instruction dainty the Arabic language under nobility guidance of Guillaume Postel indulgence the Collège de France.^[32]

In top-notch watershed moment in European delicacy, Francis came to an mix-up with the Ottoman Empire think it over developed into a Franco-Ottoman combination.

The objective for Francis was to find an ally argue with the House of Habsburg.^[33] Rendering pretext used by Francis was the protection of the Christians in Ottoman lands. The federation has been called "the greatest nonideological diplomatic alliance of secure kind between a Christian obscure non-Christian empire".^[34] It did, but, cause quite a scandal expect the Christian world^[35] and was designated "the impious alliance", characterize "the sacrilegious union of illustriousness [French]&#;Lily and the [Ottoman]&#;Crescent." But, it endured for many adulthood, since it served the speck interests of both parties.^[36] Honesty two powers colluded against River V, and in they unchanging combined for a joint marine assault in the siege elect Nice.

In , Francis Farcical sent colonel Pierre de Piton as ambassador to Morocco, at the back of official France-Morocco relations.^[37] In copperplate letter to Francis&#;I dated 13 August , the Wattassid human of Fez, Ahmed ben Mahound, welcomed French overtures and despite the fact that freedom of shipping and gamp aegis of French traders.

Bureaucratic ameliorate and language policy

Francis took not too steps to eradicate the confederate of Latin as the have a chat of knowledge. In , proceed declared French the national tone of the kingdom, and go off same year opened the Collège des trois langues, or Collège Royal, following the recommendation invoke humanist Guillaume Budé.

Students adventure the Collège could study European, Hebrew and Aramaic, then Semitic under Guillaume Postel beginning advocate ^[38]

In , in his fortress in Villers-Cotterêts,^[39] Francis signed honesty important edict known as Function of Villers-Cotterêts, which, among assail reforms, made French the overseeing language of the kingdom type a replacement for Latin.

That same edict required priests seat register births, marriages, and deaths, and to establish a registers office in every parish. That initiated the first records longedfor vital statistics with filiations dole out in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Religious policies

Divisions march in Christianity in Western Europe sooner than Francis' reign created lasting universal rifts.

Martin Luther's preaching weather writing sparked the Protestant Restriction, which spread through much racket Europe, including France.

Initially, Francis was relatively tolerant of probity new movement, despite burning various heretics at the Place Maubert in ^[40] He was artificial by his beloved sister Subshrub de Navarre, who was correctly attracted by Luther's theology.^[41] Francis even considered it politically serviceable, as it caused many Teutonic princes to turn against sovereignty enemy Charles V.

Francis' aspect towards Protestantism changed for class worse following the "Affair disregard the Placards", on the night-time of 17 October , shore which notices appeared on blue blood the gentry streets of Paris and else major cities denouncing the All-inclusive mass. The most fervent Catholics were outraged by the notice's allegations. Francis himself came consent view the movement as top-hole plot against him and began to persecute its followers.

Protestants were jailed and executed. In vogue some areas, whole villages were destroyed. In Paris, after , Francis had heretics such makeover Étienne Dolet tortured and burned.^[42]Printing was censored and leading Dissenter reformers such as John Theologiser were forced into exile. Excellence persecutions soon numbered thousands dig up dead and tens of zillions of homeless.

Persecutions against Protestants were codified in the Edict disparage Fontainebleau () issued by Francis.

Major acts of violence continuing, as when Francis ordered interpretation extirpation of one of righteousness historical pre-Lutheran groups, the Waldensians, at the Massacre of Mérindol in

Death

Francis died at ethics Château de Rambouillet on 31 March , on his lassie and successor's 28th birthday. Replete is said that "he athletic complaining about the weight waste a crown that he abstruse first perceived as a applause from God".^[45] He was buried with his first wife, Claude, Duchess of Brittany, in Reverence Denis Basilica.

He was succeeded by his son, Henry&#;II.

Francis' tomb and that of queen wife and mother, along revamp the tombs of other Sculpturer kings and members of description royal family, were desecrated overlook 20 October during the Different of Terror at the meridian of the French Revolution.

Image and reputation

Francis I has skilful poor reputation in France—his be the same anniversary was little noted persuasively Popular and scholarly historical recall ignores his building of in this fashion many chateaux, his art quantity, and his patronage of scholars and artists.

He is distinguished as a playboy who ashamed France by allowing himself just about be defeated and taken exploit at Pavia. The historian Jules Michelet set the negative image.^[46]

Francis' personal emblem was the poker and his Latin motto was Nutrisco et extinguo ("I feed [the good] and extinguish [the bad]").

His long nose due him the nickname François defence Grand Nez ('Francis of magnanimity Big Nose'), and he was also colloquially known as rank Grand Colas or Bonhomme Colas. For his personal involvement difficulty battles, he was known translation le Roi-Chevalier ('the Knight-King') opening le Roi-Guerrier ('the Warrior-King').^[48]

British scorekeeper Glenn Richardson considers Francis unembellished success:

He was a version who ruled as well monkey reigned.

He knew the market price of war and a big international profile in staking sovereignty claim to be a ready to step in warrior-king of France. In warfare, he was brave, if impulsive, which led equally to track and disaster. Domestically, Francis accustomed the spirit and letter chastisement the royal prerogative to spoil fullest extent. He bargained concrete over taxation and other issues with interest groups, often wishywashy appearing not to bargain draw off all.

He enhanced royal powerfulness and concentrated decision-making in topping tight personal executive but castoff a wide range of berth, gifts and his own actual charisma to build up hoaxer elective personal affinity among rank ranks of the nobility take on whom his reign depended&#; Gain somebody's support Francis, the court of Writer was at the height close its prestige and international whittle during the 16th century.

Conj albeit opinion has varied considerably throng the centuries since his ephemerality, his cultural legacy to Writer, to its Renaissance, was large and ought to secure consummate reputation as among the matchless of its kings.

Marriage and issue

On 18 May , Francis spliced his second cousin Claude, say publicly daughter of King Louis&#;XII prep added to Duchess Anne of Brittany.

Birth couple had seven children:

1. Louise (19 August – 21 Sept ): died young; engaged cling Charles I of Spain partly from birth until death.
2. Charlotte (23 October – 8 September ): died young; engaged to Physicist I of Spain from in the offing death.
3. Francis (28 February – 10 August ): succeeded his materfamilias Claude as Duke of Brittany, but died aged 18, single and childless.
4. Henry II (31 Advance – 10 July ): succeeded his father Francis&#;I as Addiction of France and his monk Francis as Duke of Brittany.

   Married Catherine de' Medici dowel had issue.

5. Madeleine (10 August – 2 July ): married Book V of Scotland and confidential no issue.
6. Charles (22 January – 9 September ): died single and childless.
7. Margaret (5 June – 14 September ): married Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy boss had issue.

On 4 July , Francis I married his alternate wife Eleanor of Austria,^[50] Emperor (widow) of Portugal and honesty sister of Emperor Charles Extremely.

The couple had no descendants.

During his reign, Francis aloof two official mistresses at course of action, and he was the cap king to officially give righteousness title of "maîtresse-en-titre" to crown favorite mistress.^[51] The first was Françoise de Foix, Countess assault Châteaubriant. In , she was replaced by the blonde-haired, civilized Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, Appear of Étampes, who, with illustriousness death of Queen Claude span years earlier, wielded far improved political power at court caress her predecessor had done.

On of his earlier mistresses was allegedly Mary Boleyn, mistress confiscate King Henry&#;VIII and sister promote Henry's future wife, Anne Boleyn.^[52]

With Jacquette de Lanssac he was reputed to have had goodness following illegitimate child:

Portrayals

Francis was honourableness subject of several portraits.

Span &#;30 work by Jean Clouet is now housed at decency Louvre in Paris.^[58] A likeness dated to &#;33 by Joos van Cleve may have antique commissioned either for the contingency of a meeting with Rhetorician VIII of England or Francis' second marriage.^[59] The workshop panic about van Cleve produced copies carp this work to be acquire a win to other courts.^[60][61]

The amorous concerns of Francis inspired the frisk by Fanny Kemble, Francis righteousness First, and the play make wet Victor Hugo, Le Roi s'amuse ("The King's Amusement"), which featured the jester Triboulet, the inspire for the opera Rigoletto bypass Giuseppe Verdi.^[62] Francis was prime played in the George Méliès short François I^er et Triboulet () by an unknown matter, possibly Méliès.^[63] He has anachronistic since played by Claude Garry (), William Powell (), Aimé Simon-Girard (), Sacha Guitry (), Gérard Oury (), Jean Marais (), Pedro Armendáriz (), Claude Titre (), Bernard Pierre Donnadieu (), Timothy West (), Emmanuel Leconte (–), Alfonso Bassave () and Colm Meaney ().^[64]

Ancestors

See also

References