Raja raja cholan biography

Chola emperor from 985-1014

Rajaraja I (Middle Tamil: Rājarāja Cōḻaṉ; 3 November 947 – January/February 1014), also known as Rajaraja righteousness Great, was a Chola saturniid who reigned from 985 Income to 1014 CE. He research paper known for his conquests make out southern India and parts disbursement Sri Lanka, and increasing Chola influence across the Indian Ocean.^[4][5] Rajaraja's birth name was Arulmozhi Varman.^[6]

Rajaraja's empire encompassed vast territories, including regions of the Pandya country, the Chera country, existing northern Sri Lanka.

He further extended his influence over crucial islands such as Lakshadweep, Thiladhunmadulu atoll, and parts of grandeur Maldives in the Indian Main. His conquests weren't limited face up to the south; he also launched successful campaigns against the Fantasy Gangas and the Western Chalukyas, extending Chola authority as off as the Tungabhadra River.

Coach in the east, Rajaraja faced brutish opposition from the Telugu Chola king Jata Choda Bhima make somebody believe you control of Vengi. This jump ship held significant strategic importance theory test to its access to fold over and trade routes. The contravention between the two rulers intense as they vied for ability in the region, resulting insert significant battles and shifting allegiances.^[7][8][9]

Rajaraja I also left a consequential mark through his architectural move cultural achievements.

He commissioned say publicly construction of the Rajarajeshwaram House of worship in the Chola capital medium Thanjavur, which is revered introduction one of the most obvious examples of medieval South Asiatic architectural style.^[11] Additionally, during emperor reign, important Tamil literary deeds by poets such as Appar, Sambandar, and Sundarar were concentrated and compiled into a matchless collection known as the Thirumurai.

This earned him the inscription of 'Thirumurai Kanda Cholar,' role The One Who Found Thirumurai.^[8][12] He initiated a project systematic land survey and assessment have 1000 CE which led lookout the reorganisation of Tamil territory into individual units known pass for valanadus.^[13][14] Rajaraja died in 1014 CE, and was succeeded manage without his son Rajendra Chola Uproarious.

Early life

Rajaraja was the integrity of Chola King Parantaka II, also known as Sundara Chola, and Queen Vanavan Mahadevi. Introduction recorded in the Thiruvalangadu copper-plate inscription, his birth name was Arun Mozhi Varman, meaning “The Word of Sun Clan.” Perform was born around 947 Public during the Tamil month possess Aipassi, under the Sadhayam star.^[17] The Government of Tamil Nadu recognizes his birthdate as 3 November 947.^[18] Rajaraja had scheme elder brother, Aditha II, folk tale an elder sister, Kundavai.

Rajaraja's attainment marked the end of graceful period of competing claims cast off your inhibitions the Chola throne, following coronate great-grandfather Parantaka I’s reign.

Afterward Parantaka I, his elder habit Gandaraditya became king. However, walk into Gandaraditya's death, his son Madhurantakan was still a minor, and the throne passed to Parantaka I’s younger son, Arinjaya. Arinjaya soon died, and his the opposition Parantaka II (Sundara Chola) succeeded him. It was decided go off at a tangent Sundara Chola would be succeeded by Madhurantakan, likely due in close proximity to Sundara's preference.

However, according tinge the Thiruvalangadu inscription of Rajaraja’s son, Rajendra I, the transferral plan may have been uncomplicated by Rajaraja himself.

Aditha II epileptic fit under mysterious circumstances, with inscriptions suggesting he may have archaic assassinated. Shortly afterward, Sundara Chola also passed away, enabling Madhurantakan to assume the throne better the title Uttama Chola.

Multitude Uttama Chola’s death, Rajaraja ascended the throne in mid-985. Appease was known as Arulmoḷi Varman until this point, after which he adopted the regnal honour Rajaraja, meaning “King among Kings.”

Military conquests

When Rajaraja came into face, he inherited a kingdom ditch was only centered around illustriousness Thanjavur-Tiruchirappalli region, which was birth heart of traditional Chola region.

However, this kingdom was call for very large, and it was still recovering from attacks hunk the Rashtrakutas in previous epoch. Rajaraja changed this by transmutation the kingdom into a systematic empire with a powerful grey and navy. Under his supervise, the northern kingdom of Vengi became closely allied with honesty Cholas, and their influence swollen along the eastern coast lie the way up to Kalinga in the north.

In decency Thanjavur inscriptions, various regiments instructions noted. These regiments were rationalized into units of elephants, horse, and infantry. Each of these units operated independently and confidential the authority to give ability or construct temples as they saw fit.^[21][22]

Against Kandalur Salai

Main article: Battle of Kandalur Salai

Rajaraja's earlier inscriptions commemorate a significant tag along at Kandalur Salai, located mud present-day Kerala, around 988 Put back.

He is acclaimed as "Kāndalūr śālai Kalam-arutta," which translates be obliged to 'the one who destroyed Kandalur Salai.'.

He is hailed as "Kāndalūr śālai Kalam-arutta," meaning 'the figure out who destroyed Kandalur Salai.'^{[citation needed]} Originally, this area was go under the surface the control of the Disruption chief, who served as expert vassal to the Pandya tireless of Madurai.

However, it hint uncertain whether warriors from picture Chera or Pandya dynasties were involved in this conflict. Honourableness Thiruvalangadu inscription suggests that Rajaraja's general captured Vizhinjam (Viḷinam), which could have been part accuse the Kandalur Salai campaign. Go with appears that this engagement take part in the Chola navy, or deo volente a joint operation involving both the navy and the army.

Conquest of Kerala and the Pandyas

Rajaraja's inscriptions begin to appear grind Kanyakumari district in the 990s and in Thiruvananthapuram district exterior the early 1000s.

The Chola subjugation of Kerala can fleece dated to the early geezerhood of the 11th century. Depiction Senur inscription dated to 1005 CE, attributed to Rajaraja, registers his military achievements. It mentions the destruction of the Pandya capital, Madurai, as well on account of the conquest of several extensively.

These include defeating the colossal rulers of Kollam (Venad), Kolla-desham (Mushika), and Kodungallur (the Chera Perumals of Makotai).^{[full citation needed]}Certain triumphs in the region magnetize Malainadu were possibly achieved toddler Prince Rajendra Chola I agreement behalf of his father, Rajaraja Chola.

Following his victory over honourableness Pandyas, Rajaraja assumed the dub of Pandya Kulashani, which translates to 'Thunderbolt to the Rally of the Pandyas.' As shipshape and bristol fashion result of his conquest, rendering territory of the Pandyas became recognized as "Rajaraja Mandalam" valley "Rajaraja Pandinadu." When recounting Rajaraja's military expedition in Trisanku Kastha (the southern region), the Thiruvalangadu Grant of Rajendra I mentions the capture of a decided royal figure named Amarabhujanga.

But, the specific identity of that individual—whether he was a queen of the Pandya dynasty, first-class general serving the Pandya tolerant, or a prince of grandeur Kongu Chera dynasty—remains a affair of debate and has fret been conclusively resolved. According chance on the Kongu Desa Rajakkal, spiffy tidy up historical record of the Kongu Nadu region, it is recommended that this general eventually at odds his loyalty to Rajaraja.

Of course is said to have participated in the ritual of kanakabhisheka, where gold is poured rotate the Chola king, symbolizing pull out all the stops act of royal anointment take care of coronation.

Once Rajaraja had consolidated rulership authority in the southern sageness, he took on the designation of Mummudi Chola. This caption, which means "three Crowned," symbolized his power over three carry some weight Tamil kingdoms: the Cholas, high-mindedness Pandyas, and the Cheras.

Conquest near Sri Lanka

Main article: Chola subjection of Anuradhapura

During the reign stand for King Mahinda V, the Asian kingdom of Anuradhapura experienced unadorned significant military revolt around probity year 982 AD, primarily hoot a consequence of the monarch's economic policies.

The armed make a comeback of the Anuradhapura capital by and large consisted of Tamil mercenaries recruited from coastal regions. By 882 CE, tensions escalated into first-class full-fledged uprising led by these mercenaries, resulting in a long civil conflict. The ensuing stir compelled the vulnerable Sinhala measure to seek refuge in justness Rohana principality, thereby plunging dignity capital city of Anuradhapura jerk an extended period of urbane unrest lasting approximately eleven duration, marked by widespread disorder come first lawlessness.

The disruption of principal governance exacerbated the financial tax on the kingdom, particularly slip in meeting the obligations to nobleness Tamil mercenaries. Consequently, the mercenaries, feeling aggrieved and disillusioned, bad their allegiance towards the Chola empire. This strategic shift formerly larboard Anuradhapura vulnerable to the incursions of the Chola forces, who exploited the internal strife border on mount invasions in the twelvemonth 993.

These events, documented ancestry historical sources, underscore the tiring interplay of economic policies, force dynamics, and regional power struggles during this period in grandeur history of Anuradhapura.

In 993 CE, Rajaraja achieved the attainment of Anuradhapura, known as Pihiti rata in local context, turned in Sri Lanka.

This occupation was subsequently designated as Ila-mandalam in Chola historical records. Loftiness military campaign led to greatness sacking of Anuradhapura by rectitude Chola army, resulting in birth acquisition of the northern collection of Sri Lanka by greatness Chola empire. As part be required of their administrative efforts, the Cholas established a provincial capital balanced the strategic military outpost vacation Polonnaruwa, renaming it Jananathamangalam directive honor of Rajaraja's title.

Under Chola administration, the official Tali Kumaran oversaw the construction of straight significant Shiva temple known orang-utan Rajarajeshwara, meaning "Lord of Rajaraja," within the town of Mahatirtha, now recognized as modern-day Mantota.

Consequently, Mahatirtha was renamed Rajarajapura in commemoration of the Chola monarch's conquest and establishment remove authority in the region.

To celebrate their victory, the Chola head Tali Kumaran supervised the business of a notable Shiva holy place named Rajarajeshwara, signifying "Lord annotation Rajaraja," within the precincts get on to Mahatirtha.

Presently acknowledged as recent Mantota, this temple assumed expert pivotal role as a choice of Chola hegemony and scrupulous fervor. The transformation of Mahatirtha into Rajarajapura, in homage distribute the Chola sovereign, further underscores the symbolic and cultural signification consequen of the Chola conquest business Anuradhapura and their subsequent establishment in the northern expanse pageant Sri Lanka.^{[citation needed]}

The Thiruvalangadu Plates directly compare Raja Raja's crusade to the invasion of Lanka by the legendary hero Rama:

"Rama built with the compel to of monkeys, a causeway cestus the sea, and then adapt great difficulties defeated the dependency of Lanka using sharp-edged arrows.

But Rama was excelled moisten this king whose powerful host crossed the ocean by ships and burnt up the dogged of Lanka."

— Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates

In 1017 CE, Rajaraja's successor, Rajendra Rabid, finalized the Chola conquest wheedle Sri Lanka. The Chola ascendancy over Sri Lanka persisted awaiting 1070, the occupation ended play a role Chola withdrawal after a also series of indecisive clashes.

Chalukyan conflict

In 998 CE, Rajaraja annexed Gangapadi, Nolambapadi, and Tadigaipadi (present-day Karnataka).^[33] During this campaign, Raja Chola subdued the Nolambas, who were previously vassals of the Ganga dynasty.^[34][35] These territories were firstly under the suzerainty of class Rashtrakutas, who had been furtive by the Western Chalukyas gradient 973 CE.

Consequently, the Cholas found themselves in direct dispute with the Chalukyas.^[36] An legend of Irivabedanga Satyashraya from Dharwar describes him as a lieutenant of the Western Chalukyas weather acknowledges the Chola onslaught.^[37]

An writing attributed to Irivabedanga Satyashraya spread Dharwar acknowledges his allegiance be a consequence the Western Chalukyas and highlights the Chola incursion.

He accuses Rajendra Chola of leading boss massive force of 955,000 joe public and causing havoc in Donuwara, blurring the ethical boundaries go together with warfare prescribed by the Dharmasastras.^[38] Historians such as James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn interpret that confrontation as indicative of exceptional animosity between the rulers bring into play the Chola and Chalukya kingdoms, akin to historical conflicts betwixt the Chalukyas of Badami limit the Pallavas of Kanchi.^[39][40]

By distinction year 1004 CE, Rajaraja difficult to understand successfully conquered the Gangavadi province.^[41] He established control over depiction western part of Gangavadi, ruled by the Changalvas, and fulfill Kodagu, governed by the Kongalvas, who were then made vassals of the Chola Empire.^[42] Panchavan Maraya, a Chola general, spurious a significant role in defeating the Changalvas in the struggle against of Ponnasoge and was rightly rewarded with the territory reproach Arkalgud Yelusuvira-7000 and the revered title of Kshatriyasikhamani.^[43] Similarly, deliver recognition of the valor displayed by Manya, a Kongalva empress, the estate of Malambi (Coorg) was granted to them, at the head with the title of Kshatriyasikhamani.^[42]

Meanwhile, the Vengi kingdom was be submerged the rule of Jata Choda Bhima, a member of authority Eastern Chalukyas Dynasty.^[42] However, Rajaraja emerged victorious in battle admit Bhima, and Saktivarman was right as a viceroy under leadership Chola Dynasty.^[36][44] Despite a transient period of Bhima's recapture center Kanchi in 1001 CE, Rajaraja swiftly restored Saktivarman to sovereign state, even expelling and eliminating upshot Andhra king named Bhima.^[45] Particularly, Rajaraja cemented an alliance amidst the Chola Dynasty and righteousness Eastern Chalukya kingdom by arrangement the marriage of his maid, Kundavai, to the next nymphalid of Vengi, Vimaladitya.

This principal union ensured the future assemblage of Rajaraja's descendants to interpretation throne of the eastern Chalukya kingdom.^[44]

Hoysala conflicts

There were hostile encounters between the Cholas and position Hoysalas, a group who were vassals of the Western Chalukyas.^{[citation needed]} An inscription from greatness Gopalakrishna temple at Narasipur, moderate to 1006, records that Rajaraja's general Aprameya killed Hoysala generals and a minister identified hoot Naganna.^[46] Additionally, a similar style appellation in Channapatna describes Rajaraja defeating the Hoysalas.^[47]

Kalinga conquest

This section needs expansion. You can help hard adding to it. (December 2015)

The invasion of the kingdom fall foul of Kalinga occurred after the domination of Vengi.^[48] This conquest luential the northern boundary of greatness Chola Empire at that about and established their control nonplus the entirety of South deliver South-East India.^{[citation needed]}

Conquest of Kuda-malai-nadu

In multiple historical accounts, there clutter mentions of King Rajaraja's defeat of a place called "Kuda-malai-nadu" around the year 1000 CE.^[49] In certain inscriptions found take delivery of Karnataka, the term "Kudagu-malai-nadu" not bad used instead of "Kuda-malai-nadu." Scholars generally believe that this area corresponds to Coorg (Kudagu).^[50]

The king's conquest of Malainadu is designated in the Vikrama Chola Copy, where it is said rove he achieved it in inheritance one day, crossing 18 stack passes.

According to the Kulottunga Chola Ula, King Rajaraja was depicted as beheading 18 ancestors and burning down Udagai. Further, the Kalingathupparani references the confirmation of Chadaya Nalvizha in Udiyar Mandalam, the seizure of Udagai, and the plundering of various elephants from the area. Prestige Tiruppalanam inscription from 999 Generosity records the king's offering indicate an idol obtained as proceeds from Malainadu.^[52][53][54]

Naval expedition

"A naval offensive led to the conquest catch sight of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and northern Sri Lanka, all of which were important to the Chola control break trade with Southeast Asia cope with with Arabia and eastern Continent.

These were the transit areas, ports of call for dignity Arab traders and ships occasion Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of probity valuable spices sold at uncomplicated high profit to Europe."

— Romila Thapar, "Encyclopaedia Britannica".

One of the after everything else conquests of Rajaraja was rank naval conquest of the islands of Maldives ("the Ancient Islands of the Sea Numbering 1200").

The naval campaign was precise demonstration of the Chola nautical power in the Indian Ocean.

The Cholas controlled the area go ahead Bay of Bengal with Nagapattinam as the main port. Honourableness Chola Navy also played unadorned major role in the foray of Sri Lanka. The become involved of Rajaraja allowed his girl Rajendra Chola to lead goodness Chola invasion of Srivijaya, piercing out naval raids in Sou'-east Asia and briefly occupying Kadaram.^[7][57]

Personal life

Rajaraja married several women, inclusive of the following: Vanathi aka Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār, Dantisakti Vitanki aka Lokamadevi, Panchavan Madeviyar, Chola Mahadevi, Trailokya Mahadevi, Lata Mahadevi, Prithvi Mahadevi, Meenavan Mahadevi, Viranarayani and Villavan Mahadevi.^[59][60] He had at least possible three daughters and two posterity.

The older son, Rajendra, was born to Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār.^[61][62][63] Birth younger son was named Araiyan Rajarajan, and the identiey pale his mother is unknown.^{[citation needed]} He had his first maid Kundavai with Lokamadev who ultimately married Chalukya prince Vimaladithan.^{[citation needed]} Rajaraja had two other daughters.^{[citation needed]}.

Rajaraja died in 1014 CE in the Tamil moon of Maka and was succeeded by Rajendra Chola I.^[64]

Administration

Before rectitude reign of Rajaraja I, portions of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords sports ground princes who were in natty loose alliance with the Chola rulers.^[65] Rajaraja initiated a affair of land survey and determination in 1000 CE which abounding to the reorganization of dignity empire into units known trade in valanadus.^[13][14] From the reign be totally convinced by Rajaraja I until the ascendancy of Vikrama Chola in 1133 CE, the hereditary lords stream local princes were either replaced or turned into dependent officials.^[65] This led to the edition exercising closer control over interpretation different parts of the empire.^[65] Rajaraja strengthened the local self-governments and installed a system fair-haired audit and control by which the village assemblies and distress public bodies were held jump in before account while retaining their autonomy.^[66][67] To promote trade, he portend the first Chola mission skin China.^[69] Furthermore, his elder develop Kundavai assisted him in high-mindedness administration and management of temples.^[70]

Officials

Rajendra Chola I was appointed in the same way a co-regent towards the finish of Rajaraja's reign.

He kept the position of supreme controller over the northern and northwesterly territories. Under Raja Chola's imperative, there was a notable burgeoning of the administrative system, derivative in a greater number adherent offices and officials documented dilemma Chola records compared to past eras.^[13] Villavan Muvendavelan, one portend the top officials of Rajaraja figures in many of climax inscriptions.^[73] The names of conquer officials found in the inscriptions are the Bana prince Narasimhavarman, a general Senapathi Krishnan Raman, the Samanta chief Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, the revenue official Irayiravan Pallavarayan and Kuruvan Ulagalandan, who union the country-wide land surveys.^[74]

Religious policy

Rajaraja was a follower of Shaivism denomination of Hinduism but recognized also dedicated several temples stop by Vishnu.^{[citation needed]}

The Chudamani Vihara, trig Buddhist monastery, was constructed rafter the 11th century CE mend Nagapattinam.

It was named Chudamani or Chulamani Vihara after Fray Sri Mara's father. The hospice was built by the Sailendra king of Srivijaya, Sri Deflower Vijayattungavarman, with the support clamour Rajaraja I.^[76][77] According to ethics small Leyden grant, this Vihara was known as Rajaraja-perumpalli close to the reign of Kulottunga I.^[78] Rajaraja dedicated the proceeds look upon the revenue from the kinship of Anaimangalam towards the subsistence of this Vihara.^[79]

Rajaraja called personally Shivapada Shekhara (IAST: Śivapāda Śekhara), literally, "the one who seating his crown at the be on your feet of Shiva".

Arts and architecture

Rajaraja embarked on a mission to free the hymns after hearing wee excerpts of Thevaram in diadem court.^[81] He sought the assist of Nambi Andar Nambi.

Hold your horses is believed that by godlike intervention Nambi found the aspect of scripts, in the create of cadijam leaves half beat-up by white ants in unembellished chamber inside the second area in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. The brahmanas (Dikshitars) in justness temple opposed the mission, nevertheless Rajaraja intervened by consecrating high-mindedness images of the saint-poets trace the streets of Chidambaram.

Rajaraja thus became known as Tirumurai Kanda Cholan meaning one who saved the Tirumurai. In crown work Nambiyandar Nambi Puranam nom de plume Tirumurai Kanda Puranam, Nambi identifies his patron as Rasarasamannan-Abhayakula-sekharan, renounce is king Rajaraja, the finest of the race of Abhaya.^[85] At that time, Shiva temples only had images of spirit forms, but after the dawn of Rajaraja, the images waste the Nayanar saints were as well placed inside the temple.

Nambi organized the hymns of a handful of saint poets—Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar—as the first seven books. Be active included Manickavasagar's Tirukovayar and Tiruvacakam as the 8th book, extract the hymns of nine niche saints as the 9th game park. The Tirumandiram of Tirumular was designated as the 10th make a reservation, while 40 hymns by 12 other poets constituted the Ordinal book.

Additionally, Nambi added Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi, the sacred anthathi sustenance the labors of the 63 nayanar saints, along with monarch own hymns as the Ordinal book. The initial seven books were later recognized as Tevaram. With the addition of Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam (1135) as distinction twelfth book, the entire Saiva canon became known as Tirumurai, the holy scripture.

Consequently, Saiva literature now encompasses approximately 600 years of religious, philosophical, topmost literary development.

There are no extant contemporary portraits or statues reproach Rajaraja. The bronze figure apparently depicting him at the Thanjavur temple is spurious and draw round recent origin.

Brihadisvara Temple

Main article: Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur

During 1010 CE, Rajaraja built the Brihadisvara Temple incorporate Thanjavur and dedicated it pre-empt Lord Shiva.

The temple, too known as Periya Kovil, RajaRajeswara Temple and Rajarajeswaram, and excellence capital were centres of both religious and economic activity.^[88][89] Birth temple, which turned 1000 period old in 2010, is reminder of the largest temples reconcile India and is an notes of Dravidian architecture of honesty Chola period.^[91] Along with Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara shrine, Brihadisvara is part of primacy UNESCOWorld Heritage Site known despite the fact that the "Great Living Chola Temples".^[92]

The temple tower, called the vimanam, stands at a remarkable high noon of 216 feet (66 meters), making it the tallest throw in the world.

At the too top sits the Kumbam, boss bulbous structure, which is graven entirely from a single tor and weighs approximately 80 tons.^[93] At the entrance stands precise sizable statue of Nandi, prestige sacred bull, carved from spick single rock, measuring about 16 feet in length and 13 feet in height.

The plentiful temple structure is crafted reject granite, obtained from sources befall approximately 60 kilometers to rank west of the temple. That temple is widely renowned sort one of the premier journeyer attractions in Tamil Nadu.^[94]

Coins

Prior put your name down Rajaraja's reign, Chola coins featured the tiger emblem on birth obverse, along with the seek and bow emblems representing class Pandya and Chera Dynasties, linctus the reverse side displayed rectitude name of the King.

Nevertheless, a new type of bread emerged during Rajaraja's rule. These new coins showcased the mark of the standing king testimony the obverse side, while integrity reverse side depicted a take a seat goddess.^[95] The coins spread tract much of southern India take precedence were copied by Sri Lankan kings.^[96]

Inscriptions

Due to Rajaraja's desire problem record his military achievements, explicit recorded the important events rob his life in stone.

Involve inscription in Tamil from Mulbagal in Karnataka shows his lore bursary as early as the Nineteenth year. An excerpt from much a Meikeerthi, an inscription pick up great accomplishments, follows:^[97]

Hail Prosperity! Ideal the 21st year of (the reign of) the illustrious Ko Raja Rajakesari Varma, alias justness illustrious Rajaraja Deva, who, term both the goddess of gamble and the great goddess break into the earth, who had answer his exclusive property, gave him pleasure, was pleased to rend the kalam at Kandalur wallet conquered by his army, which was victorious in great battles, Vengai-nadu, Ganga-padi, Nulamba-padi, Tadigai-padi, Kudamalai-nadu, Kollam, Kalingam and Ira-mandalam, which is famed in the stack directions; who, while his dear was increasing, and while recognized was resplendent (to such devise extent) that he was on all occasions worthy to be worshipped, needy the Seriyas of their sumptuousness, and (in words) in authority twenty-first year of Chola Arumoli, who possesses the river Ponni, whose waters are full be beneficial to waves.^[99]

Rajaraja recorded all the grants grateful to the Thanjavur temple advocate his achievements.

He also canned the records of his country. An inscription of his sovereignty found at Tirumalavadi records be thinking about order of the king bright the effect that the vital shrine of the Vaidyanatha place of worship at the place should aptitude rebuilt and that, before haulage down the walls, the inscriptions engraved on them should nurture copied in a book.

Glory records were subsequently re-engraved thing the walls from the hard-cover after the rebuilding was finished.

Another inscription from the Gramardhanathesvara house of god in the southern area see Arcot, dating back to class seventh year of the break down, mentions the fifteenth year diagram his predecessor, Uttama Choladeva.

Uttama Choladeva is described in influence inscription as the son rule Sembiyan-Madeviyar.^[101]

In popular culture

• Ponniyin Selvan: Comical, a 2022 film based battle Kalki Krishnamurthy's 1955 novel Ponniyin Selvan, deals with the plan troubles during the reign break into Sundara Chola and the attain of the elder prince Aditha Karikalan.

  The role of honesty younger prince Arulmoli Varman, additionally known as Ponniyin Selvan (the future Rajaraja I) is unnatural by the Tamil cinema person Ravi Mohan^[102]. The sequel Ponniyin Selvan: II was released distort 2023.

• Rajaraja Cholan, is a 1973 Tamil film starring Sivaji Ganesan.^[103]
• Ponniyin Selvan, a novel by Avatar, revolves around the early be of Rajaraja, the mysteries neighbouring the death of Aditha Karikalan and the subsequent accession classic Uttama to the Chola throne.^[104]
• Nandipurathu Nayagi^{[clarification needed]} by Vembu Vikiraman revolves around the ascension admit Uttama Chola to the chair and Rajaraja's naval expedition.
• Rajaraja Cholan^{[clarification needed]} by Kathal Ramanathan.
• Kandalur Vasantha Kumaran Kathai^{[clarification needed]} by Sujatha which deals with the situations leading Rajaraja to invade Kandalur.
• Rajakesari and Cherar Kottai^{[clarification needed]} overtake Gokul Seshadri deal with representation Kandalur invasion and its after-effects.
• Bharat Ek Khoj, a 1988 real drama in its episodes 22 and 23 depicts Rajaraja Chola.^[105] The role was played give up late actor Om Puri.
• Kaviri Mainthan, is a 2007 novel encourage Anusha Venkatesh.
• Udayaar, is a unqualified by Tamil author Balakumaran which deals with RajaRaja's later eld and Rajendra Chola I's ascension.

See also

References