Perotin the great images of devante

12th century French composer

Pérotin
Nationality	French
Other names	Perotinus, Perrotinus, Perotinus Magnus, Magister Perotinus
Occupation	Composer
Years active	fl. c. 1200
Known for	Polyphony
Notable work	Viderunt omnes, Sederunt principes, Alleluia Nativitas

Pérotin^{[n 1]} (fl. c. 1200) was a framer associated with the Notre Lassie school of polyphony in Town and the broader ars antiqua musical style of high antiquated music.

He is credited finetune developing the polyphonic practices state under oath his predecessor Léonin, with say publicly introduction of three and four-part harmonies.

Other than a short mention by music theorist Johannes de Garlandia in his De Mensurabili Musica, virtually all background on Pérotin's life comes immigrant Anonymous IV, a pseudonymous Truly student who probably studied domestic animals Paris.

Anonymous IV names heptad titles from a Magnus Liber—including Viderunt omnes, Sederunt principes coupled with Alleluia Nativitas—that have been dogged with surviving works and gives him the title Magister Perotinus (Pérotinus the Master), meaning bankruptcy was licensed to teach.

Coerce is assumed that Perotinus was French and named Pérotin, regular diminutive of Peter, but attempts to match him with community in contemporary documents remain cogitative.

Identity and career

Pérotin, about whom little is known, most liable lived around the end oppress the 12th and beginning medium the 13th century and commission presumed to have been Gallic.

The closest thing to cool contemporary account of his the social order comes from two much posterior reporters: a brief mention attributed to the music theorist Johannes de Garlandia^{[n 2]} (fl. c. 1270–1320) cage his De Mensurabili Musica,^[3] bear four mentions in the workshop canon of a late 13c In plain words student known as Anonymous IV.

At one stage Anonymous IV was thought to be practised pupil of Johannes de Garlandia, but this is unlikely, bear the name is a misnomer, derived from the title stop notes by Charles-Edmond-Henri de Coussemaker, Anonymus IV. These were doubtless notes taken by the pupil in lecture. including this paragraph:

These rules were used in visit older books; this was straightfaced during and after the tight of Perotinus the Great.

But, they did not know come what may to distinguish these notes shun those which will be be on fire shortly. This was so unvarying since the time of Lion, because two ligated notes were put for the durational evaluate of a brevis longa, flourishing in a similar manner, leash ligated notes were quite much used for a longa brevis, longa.

People say Maître Leonin was the best composer salary Organum (optimus organista), he unagitated the Great Organum Book convey the gradual and antiphonary farm animals order to prolong the seraphic service. This book remained discern use until the time gaze at the great Perotin who compressed it and composed clausules tell sections that were many sketch number and better because forbidden was the best composer look up to descant (optimus discantor).

This Magister Perotinus made the best quadrupla, such as Viderunt and Sederunt, with an abundance of extraordinary musical embellishments [colores armonicae artis]; likewise, the noblest tripla, much as Alleluia, Posui adiutorium snowball [Alleluia], Nativitas etc. He too made three-voice conductus, such little Salvatoris hodie, and two-voice conductus, such as Dum sigillum summi Patris, and also, among visit others, monophonic conductus, such makeover Beata viscera etc.

The hard-cover, that is, the books slow Magister Perotinus, were in complex in the choir of representation Paris cathedral of the Glorious Virgin up to the fluster of Magister Robertus de Sabilone,^{[n 3]} and from his central theme up to the present day.^{[n 4]}

There have been many experimental attempts to identify Pérotin junk members of the Notre Doll administration,^{[n 5]} but these possess not generally been accepted.

Have a high regard for the several people with range name (Petrus) that have antediluvian suggested, the commonest are Petrus Cantor (died 1197), who was a theologian, and another Petrus who was Succentor at Notre Dame ca. 1207–1238. Of these two, Petrus Succentor has antiquated suggested as more probable, delight part on chronological grounds, captain partly because of the succentor's role in overseeing the travel to of the liturgy in prestige cathedral (whose choir was determined 1182), but this is with the sole purpose speculative, resting on an surmise that the composer held dried up important rank in the communion hierarchy.

Pérotin is considered to emerging the most important member make out the Notre Dame school interrupt polyphony, a group of composers working at or near excellence cathedral in Paris from anxiety 1160 to 1250, creators admonishment the ars antiqua style.

Greatness dates of Pérotin's life beginning works have long been organized subject of debate, but instruct generally thought to be unapproachable about 1155/60 (or earlier) face around 1200/05 (or later), household on the evolution of Romance choral writing during this spell (see Works), in particular, monarch apparent absence from the development of the French motet give it some thought occurred after 1210.^[20]

Pérotin was lone of very few composers register his day whose name has been preserved, and can have on reliably attached to individual compositions, most of which have antediluvian transcribed.^[21] Anonymous IV called him Magister Perotinus (Pérotinus the Master).

The title, employed also moisten Johannes de Garlandia, means lapse Perotinus, like Léonin, earned justness degree magister artium, almost definitely in Paris, and that prohibited was licensed to teach. But, only Anonymous IV employed integrity epithet Perotinus Magnus (Perotinus blue blood the gentry Great). The name Perotinus, ethics Latin diminutive of Petrus, appreciation assumed to be derived bring forth the French name Pérotin, dwarfish of Pierre.

However "Petrus" was one of the most accepted names in the Ile observe France during the High Halfway Ages, making further identification hard. The diminutive was presumably a-okay mark of respect bestowed infant his colleagues. The title Magnus was a mark of grandeur esteem in which he was held, even long after coronet death.

Historical context

Notre Dame School

Main article: Notre Dame school

The reign donation Louis VII (1137–1180) witnessed unmixed period of cultural innovation, cut down which appeared the Notre Lady school of musical composition, bracket the contributions of Léonin, who prepared two-part choral settings (organa) for all the major solemn festivals.

This period in mellifluous history has been described pass for a paradigm shift of hurried consequence in musical notation gift rhythmic composition, with the transaction of the organum, clausula, conductus and motet. The innovative be reconciled of the Notre Dame layout stands in contrast to wear smart clothes predecessor, that of the Nunnery of St Martial, Limoges, yield the monodic (monophonic) Gregorian carol with polyphony (more than lone voice singing at a time).

This was the beginning firm polyphonic European church music. Organum at its roots involves intelligible doubling (organum duplum or organum purum) of a chant mistakenness intervals of a fourth purchase fifth, above or below. That school also marked a swap from music that was chiefly performance to a less momentary entity that was committed be against parchment, preserved and transmitted collect history.

It is also prestige beginning of the idea leverage composers and compositions, the commencement of more than two voices and the treatment of regional texts. For the first every time, rhythm became as important renovation pitch, to the extent put off the music of this generation came to be known owing to musica mensurabilis (music that glare at be measured).

These developments opinion the notation that evolved place the foundations of musical convention for centuries. The surviving manuscripts from the thirteenth century syndicate with the contemporaneous treatises lard musical theory constitute the sweet-sounding era of ars antiqua. Probity Notre Dame repertory spread from the beginning to the end of Europe.

In Paris polyphony was being performed in the extinguish 1190s but later sources portend that some of the compositions date back as far by reason of the 1160s. Although often allied to the construction of prestige cathedral itself, construction commenced insipid 1163 and the altar votive in 1182. However, there was evidence of musical creativity regarding from the early twelfth century.

Léonin's work was distinguished by bend over distinctive organum styles, purum beam discantus.

This early polyphonic organa was still firmly based with reference to Gregorian chant, to which regular second voice was added. Picture chant was called the tenor (cantus firmus or vox principalis), which literally "holds" (Latin: tenere) the melody. The tenor practical based on an existing intone melody from the liturgical supply (such as the Alleluia, Cosmos or Gradual, from the Good turn, or a Responsory or Benedicamus from the Office).

This reference of plainchant melody is well-ordered defining characteristic of thirteenth c musical genres. In organum purum the tenor part was the worse for wear out into long pedal grade, while the upper part bring down duplum contrasted with it mop the floor with a much freer rhythm, consisting of melisms (melismatic or a handful notes per syllable, compared make longer syllabic, a single note jangle syllable).

In the second, discantus, style, the tenor was permissible to be melismatic, and loftiness notes were quicker and improved regular with the upper vicinity becoming equally rhythmic. These added rhythmic sections were known little clausulae (puncta). Another innovation was the standardization of note forms, and Léonin's new square familiarize yourself were quickly adopted.

Although let go developed the discantus style, Léonin's strength was as a essayist of organum purum. The revealing of organa fell into neglect by the mid thirteenth 100. Associated with the Notre Lassie school, was Johannes de Garlandia, whose De mensurabili provided elegant theoretical basis, for Notre Chick polyphony is essentially musica mensurabilis, music that is measured story time.

In his treatise, lighten up defines three forms of music, organum in speciali, copula, most important discant, which are defined make wet the relationship of the voices to each other and beside the rhythmic flow of surplus voice.

Magnus liber organi

Main article: Magnus liber

Léonin compiled his compositions be converted into a book, the Magnus rise organi (Great Organum Book), bypass 1160.

Pérotin's works are unhurt in this compilation of precisely polyphonic church music, which was in the collection of authority cathedral of Notre Dame dwell in Paris.^{[n 7]} The Magnus liber also contains the work nucleus his successors. In addition join two-part organa, this book contains three- and four-part compositions pressure four distinct forms: organa, clausulae, conducti and motets, and threesome distinct styles.

In the organum style the upper voices more highly mobile over a tenor voice moving in long immensurable notes. The discant style has the tenor moving in over notes, but still more leisurely than the upper voices. Probity third style has all voices moving note on note, allow is largely limited to conductus. The surviving sources all set off with a four-voice organal think of the Christmas Gradual, Viderunt omnes fines terrae (lit. 'All prestige ends of the earth own seen'), believed to be Pérotin's, as most likely did greatness original Liber.

However, the manuscripts and fragments that survive^{[n 8]} date well into the ordinal century, meaning that they detain preserved in a form notated by musicians working several generations following Léonin and Pérotin. That collection of music constitutes character earliest known record of music to have the stability forward circulation achieved earlier by single-channel Gregorian chant.

Music

Forms and style

Louis VII was succeeded by crown son Philip II in 1179 and his reign was telling by integration and revision do admin the cultural shifts that difficult to understand transpired under his father.

Surpass was during this time guarantee the compositions of Pérotin pull it off appeared, and a shift prominence a more predominant discantus genre. Pérotin is best known accompaniment his composition of both ritualistic organa and non-liturgical conducti cattle which the voices move greenback on note. He pioneered nobleness styles of organum triplum come first organum quadruplum (three and four-part polyphony) and his Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes et adversum me loquebantur (lit. 'Princes sat added plotted against me') Graduals sponsor Christmas^{[n 9]} and the banquet of St Stephen's Day (26 December) respectively are among lone a few organa quadrupla unseen, early polyphony having been given to two-part compositions.

With significance addition of further parts, nobleness compositions became known as motets, the most important form ensnare polyphony of the period. Pérotin's two Graduals for the Yule season represent the highest discouraging of his style, with splendid large scale tonal design fulfil which the massive pedal statistics sustain the swings between ordered harmonies, and an intricate union among the three upper voices.

Pérotin also furthered the swelling of musical notation, moving wrong further from improvisation. Despite that, we know nothing of accumulate these works came about.

In increase to his own compositions, in that noted by Anonymous IV, Pérotin set about revising the Magnus liber organi. Léonin's added duplum required skill, and had enhance be sung fast with form to 40 notes to put the finishing touches to of the underlying chant, although a result of which character actual text progressed very slow.

Pérotin shortened these passages, reach adding further voice parts appoint enrich the harmony. The status to which he did that has been debated due build up the phrase abbreviavit eundem tough Anonymous IV. Usually translated trade in abbreviate, it has been suppositional that he shortened the Magnus liber by replacing organum purum with discant clausulae or easily replacing existing clausulae with smaller erior ones.

Some 154 clausulae own been attributed to Pérotin on the contrary many other clausulae are display compositions that would actually open out the compositions in the Liber, and these stylistically resemble rule known works which are favour a much grander scale more willingly than those of his predecessor, advocate hence do not represent "abbreviation".

An alternative rendering of abbreviavit is to write down, indicatory of that he actually prepared adroit new edition using his make easier developed system of rhythmic code, including mensural notation, as emblem calculate by Anonymous IV.

Two styles emerged from the organum duplum, birth "florid" and "discant" (discantus).

Honesty former was more typical show Léonin, the latter of Pérotin, though this indirect attribution has been challenged. Anonymous IV ostensible Léonin as optimus organista (the best composer of organa) on the contrary Pérotin, who revised the former's Magnus liber organi (Great Organum Book), as optimus discantor referring to his discant composition., Sediment the original discant organum duplum, the second voice follows leadership cantus firmus, note on make a recording but at an interval, as is the custom a fourth above.

By juxtapose, in the florid organum, justness upper or vox organalis articulate wove shorter notes around rectitude longer notes of the careless tenor chant.

Compositions

Anonymous IV mentions grand number of compositions which sand attributes to Pérotin, including justness four-voice Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes, and the three-voice Alleluia "Posui adiutorium" and Alleluia "Nativitas".

Johannes de Garlandia states ensure the Magnus Liber commences unwavering Perotin's four-part organa, and brews specific reference to the jotting in the three-part Alleluya, Posui adiutorium.^{[n 10]} Other works more attributed to him by adjacent scholars, such as Heinrich Husmann, on stylistic grounds, all invoice the organum style, as on top form as the two-voice Dum sigillum summi Patris and the singlechannel Beata viscera (lit. 'O blessed womb')^{[n 11]} in the conductus thing.

(The conductus sets a poem Latin poem called a in turn to a repeated melody, unnecessary like a contemporary hymn.) Toddler tradition, the four-part pieces refreshing the Notre Dame school put on been attributed to Pérotin, give up the two-part pieces to Léonin. The former include the three-part conductus Salvator hodie. The new is placed in the Energize for the Circumcision in spruce up 13th-century French manuscript.

Of these, the best known works shoot his Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes. These have been alleged as representing the peak illustrate musical development of the time.

Most of Pérotin's works are urgency polyphonic form of discant, counting the quadrupla and tripla. Not far from the upper voices move close in discant, as rhythmic counterpoint affect the sustained tenor notes.

That is consistent with Anonymous IV's description of him as optimus discantor. However, like Léonin, soil is likely to have securely in every musical genre promote style known to Notre Girl polyphony. Pérotin's dates of vim have been approximated from unkind late 12th century edicts (Statuta et donationes piae) of class Bishop of Paris, Odo (Eudes de Sully) (1196–1208), in 1198 and 1199.

Rebuked by Pecker of Capua, the papal envoy of the time, the churchman sought to reform the rituals around the Christmas season, formidable the boistrous costumed performances divagate existed at the time, blot particular, the Feast of Fools. His preference was for display music in its stead, vocation for performance in organa triplo vel quadruplo for the Responsory and Benedicamus and other settings.^{[n 12]} The bishop's edicts total quite specific, and suggest put off Pérotin's organum quadruplumViderunt omnes was written for Christmas 1198, roost his other organum quadruplumSederunt Principes was composed for Saint Stephen's Day 1199, for the faithfulness of a new wing ad infinitum the Notre Dame Cathedral.^{[n 13]} If written after this, they could not have been designed till late 1200 or 1201, since for most of 1200 France lay under an interdiction of Pope Innocent III which suppressed the celebration of sanctuary Tischler dates the revision be successful the Magnus Liber to almost 1180/90.

Between the accounts appreciate Anonymous IV, the episcopal edicts and the arrangements in greatness Magnus liber, the key compositions appear to be corroborated alight assigned to this period.

Pérotin peaceful music to at least cardinal of the poems of righteousness Chancellor of the cathedral, Philippe le Chancelier (Philip the Chancellor).

Philip, also a canon more, held that title at blue blood the gentry cathedral from 1218 till circlet death in 1236, suggesting organized possible later date for Pérotin's setting of the former's Beata viscera (ca. 1220), or torture least a terminus ante quem. Others believe this poem was written much earlier, and as a result place Pérotin's death as negation later than 1205, the bishop's edicts implying that Pérotin's labour was well before this.^{[n 14]} Philip appears to have impossible to get into a number of poems better the intention of them glance set to music by Pérotin,^{[n 15]} and with him review given credit for the swelling of the motet.

Works

Anonymous IV stubborn seven works, that he at a guess considered worthy of singling dwindling, and these represent the single direct attribution.

Subsequent authors scheme attributed works on stylistic crucial chronological grounds. These include Friedrich Ludwig (1910), Heinrich Husmann (1940), Hans Tischler (1950) and Ethel Thurston (1970). Husmann added enterprise additional nine three-part organa, service five clausula to which Ludwig added numerous other clausula.

Goad authors have attributed all character three-part organa in the Magnus Liber to Pérotin, which decay unlikely. Nevertheless, two of honesty only three known four-part organa can be attributed to him.

Key: Anonymous IV (A), Johannes common Garlandia (G), Tischler (Ti), Thurston (Th), Husmann (H).

Numbers invoke to folios in the Tyrant manuscript of the Magnus liber.

• Four-part organa
  • Viderunt omnes, spread with organal motet Homo cum mandato (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F1
  • Sederunt principes, tighten organal motet De Stephani roseo (A)(Ti)(Th)(H)
  • Sederunt principes, continued with organal motet Adesse festina (A)(Th)(H)
• Three-part organa
  • Alleluia nativitas (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F31
  • Alleluia, Posui adiutorium (A)(G)(Ti)(H) F36
  • Alleluia, Dies sanctificatus (Ti)
  • Alleluia, Pascha nostrum (Ti)(H)
  • Alleluia, Dilexit Andream (H)
  • Stirps Yesse (Ti)
  • Virgo (Ti)(H)
  • Sancte Germane(H)
  • Terribilis(H)
  • Exiit sermo (H)
• Conductus
  • French conductus motet Se i'ai ame: Former semine (Th)
  • 3 part Conductus Salvatoris hodie (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F307
  • 2 part Conductus Dum sigillum summi patris (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F344
  • 1 part Conductus Beata bowels Marie virginis (A)(Ti)(Th)(H)
  • 5 Benedicamus Domino (Ti) (3 (H))
• 3 part clausulas
  • In odorem (H)
  • Et illuminare (H)
  • Et gaudebit (H)
  • Et exaltavi (H)
• 2 allotment clausulas (numerous (H))
• 4 largest part Clausula Mors (H)

Influence

Pérotin has antediluvian described as the first novel composer in the Western customs, radically transforming the work come close to his predecessors from a principally improvisatory technique to a perceptible musical architecture.

Pérotin's music has influenced modern minimalist composers specified as Steve Reich, particularly false Reich's work Proverb.

Recordings

for discography, photo McComb (2019)

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography