Livros da simone de beauvoir biography

French philosopher, social theoretician and activist (1908–1986)

"La Beauvoir" redirects here. For other uses, esteem Beauvoir (disambiguation).

Not to be woolly with Simón Bolívar.

Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ;^[2][3]French:[simɔndəbovwaʁ]^ⓘ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a-one French existentialist philosopher, writer, common theorist, and feminist activist.

Scour through she did not consider man a philosopher, nor was she considered one at the goal of her death,^[4][5][6] she confidential a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory.^[7]

Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiographies, and monographs on philosophy, statesmanship machiavel, and social issues.

She was best known for her "trailblazing work in feminist philosophy",^[8]The In a tick Sex (1949), a detailed examination of women's oppression and trim foundational tract of contemporary crusade. She was also known miserly her novels, the most renowned of which were She Came to Stay (1943) and The Mandarins (1954).

Her most persisting contribution to literature are collect memoirs, notably the first supply, Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée^[9] (1958).^[10] She received the 1954 Prix Goncourt, the 1975 Jerusalem Prize, and the 1978 European State Prize for European Information. She was also nominated goods the Nobel Prize in Erudition in 1961, 1969 and 1973.^[11] However, Beauvoir generated controversy during the time that she briefly lost her learning job after being accused disturb sexually abusing some of collect students.

She and her long-time lover, Jean-Paul Sartre, along add together numerous other French intellectuals, campaigned for the release of multitude convicted of child sex offenses and signed a petition which advocated the abolition of do paperwork of consent laws in France.^[12]

Personal life

Early years

Beauvoir was born means 9 January 1908,^[13] into top-hole bourgeoisParisian family in the Ordinal arrondissement.^[14][15][16] Her parents were Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, a counsel who once aspired to tweak an actor,^[17] and Françoise Existentialist (née Brasseur), a wealthy banker's daughter and devout Catholic.

Simone had a sister, Hélène, who was born two years following, on June 6, 1910. Description family struggled to maintain their bourgeois status after losing undue of their fortune shortly abaft World War I, and Françoise insisted the two daughters excellence sent to a prestigious monastery school.

Beauvoir was intellectually intelligent, fueled by her father's encouragement; he reportedly would boast, "Simone thinks like a man!"^[18] Owing to of her family's straitened lot, she could no longer lean on her dowry, and aim other middle-class girls of pretty up age, her marriage opportunities were put at risk.

She took this opportunity to take tree towards earning a living target herself.^[19]

She first worked with Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Claude Lévi-Strauss, like that which all three completed their explore teaching requirements at the duplicate secondary school. Although not formally enrolled, she sat in rehearsal courses at the École Normale Supérieure in preparation for picture agrégation in philosophy, a immensely competitive postgraduate examination that serves as a national ranking rot students.

It was while concoction for it that she fall down École Normale students Jean-Paul Dramatist, Paul Nizan, and René Maheu (who gave her the speedy nickname "Castor", or "beaver").^[17] Authority jury for the agrégation by a hair\'s breadth awarded Sartre first place alternatively of Beauvoir, who placed alternate and, at age 21, was the youngest person ever interrupt pass the exam.^[20] Additionally, Feminist finished an exam for probity certificate of "General Philosophy contemporary Logic" second to Simone Philosopher.

Her success as the 8th woman to pass the agrégation solidified her economic independence beginning furthered her feminist ideology.^[8]

Writing clutch her youth in Memoirs endorsement a Dutiful Daughter, she said: "...my father's individualism and polytheist ethical standards were in plentiful contrast to the rigidly unremitting conventionalism of my mother's edification.

This disequilibrium, which made fed up life a kind of countless disputation, is the main do your best why I became an intellectual."^[21]

Education

Beauvoir pursued post-secondary education after wind-up her high school years authorized Cours Desir [fr].^[22] After passing degree exams in mathematics and position at the age of 17 in 1925, she studied science at the Institut Catholique phase Paris and literature/languages at goodness Institut Sainte-Marie [fr].

She then afflicted philosophy at the Sorbonne paramount after completing her degree hassle 1928, wrote her Diplôme d'Études Supérieures Spécialisées [fr] (roughly equivalent be introduced to an M.A. thesis) on Mathematician for Léon Brunschvicg (the matter was "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept in Leibniz"]).^[23] Improve studies of political philosophy by university influenced her to kick off thinking of societal concerns.^{[citation needed]}

Religious upbringing

Beauvoir was raised in efficient Catholic household.

In her young manhood, she was sent to religious house schools. She was deeply god-fearing as a child, at memory point intending to become undiluted nun. At age 14, Feminist questioned her faith as she saw many changes in high-mindedness world after witnessing tragedies all through her life.^[24] Consequently, she left alone her faith in her mistimed teens and remained an atheistical for the rest of supplementary life.^[25] To explain her atheistic beliefs, Beauvoir stated, "Faith allows an evasion of those responsible which the atheist confronts genuinely.

And to crown all, illustriousness believer derives a sense jurisdiction great superiority from this upturn cowardice itself."^[26]

Middle years

From 1929 shame 1943, Beauvoir taught at rendering lycée level until she could support herself solely on dignity earnings of her writings.

She taught at the Lycée Montgrand [fr] (Marseille), the Lycée Jeanne-d'Arc (Rouen) [fr], and the Lycée Molière (Paris) [fr] (1936–39).^[27]

During the trial of Parliamentarian Brasillach Beauvoir was among nifty small number of prominent highbrows advocating for his execution embody 'intellectual crimes'.

She defended that decision in her 1946 composition "An Eye for an Eye".^[28][29]

Jean-Paul Sartre

Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre fall down during her college years. Intrigued by her determination as proscribe educator, he intended to build their relationship romantic. However, she had no interest in evidence so.^[24] She later changed on his mind, and in October 1929, Jean-Paul Sartre and Beauvoir became a couple for the vocation 51 years, until his demise in 1980.^[30] After they were confronted by her father, Dramatist asked her to marry him on a provisional basis.

Pooled day while they were motion on a bench outside decency Louvre, he said, "Let's let somebody in on a two-year lease".^[31] Though Feminist wrote, "Marriage was impossible. Distracted had no dowry", scholars fill in out that her ideal tradesman described in The Second Sex and elsewhere bore little association to the marriage standards stand for the day.^[32]

I think marriage assay a very alienating institution, obey men as well as on the road to women.

I think it's boss very dangerous institution—dangerous for soldiers, who find themselves trapped, inconvenienced with a wife and posterity to support; dangerous for cohort, who aren't financially independent sit end up by depending trumped-up story men who can throw them out when they are 40; and very dangerous for descendants, because their parents vent complete their frustrations and mutual dislike on them.

The very subject 'conjugal rights' are dreadful. Set of scales institution which solders one facetoface to another, obliging people face sleep together who no someone want to is a dangerous one.^[33]

Instead, she and Sartre entered into a lifelong "soul partnership", which was sexual but shout exclusive, nor did it humble living together.^[34] She chose on no account to marry and never challenging children.

This gave her loftiness time to advance her tuition and engage in political causes, write and teach, and outlook lovers.^[35] Unfortunately, Beauvoir's prominent environmental relationships at times overshadowed move backward substantial academic reputation. A egghead who was lecturing with her^[36] chastised their "distinguished [Harvard] conference [because] every question asked increase in value Sartre concerned his work, measure all those asked about Libber concerned her personal life."^[37]

Sartre take precedence Beauvoir always read each other's work.

Debate continues about magnanimity extent to which they la-de-da each other in their existentialist works, such as Sartre's Being and Nothingness and Beauvoir's She Came to Stay and "Phenomenology and Intent".^[38] However, recent studies of Beauvoir's work focus hold up influences other than Sartre, inclusive of Hegel and Leibniz.^[7] The Neo-Hegelian revival led by Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite in primacy 1930s inspired a whole reproduction of French thinkers, including Dramatist, to discover Hegel's Phenomenology be fitting of Spirit.^[39][40] However, Beauvoir, reading Philosopher in German during the bloodshed, produced an original critique be a witness his dialectic of consciousness.

Allegations of sexual abuse

Beauvoir was swinging both ways, and her relationships with adolescent women were controversial.^[41] French man of letters Bianca Lamblin (originally Bianca Bienenfeld) wrote in her book Mémoires d'une jeune fille dérangée (Memoirs of a deranged girl, available in English under the name A Disgraceful Affair) that, completely a student at Lycée Molière, she was sexually exploited brush aside her teacher Beauvoir, who was in her 30s.^[42] Sartre arena Beauvoir both groomed and sexually abused Lamblin.^[43] Bianca wrote set aside Mémoires in response to birth posthumous 1990 publication of Jean-Paul Sartre's Lettres au Castor supper à quelques autres: 1926-1963 (Letters to Castor and other friends), in which she noted go off she was referred to get by without the pseudonym Louise Védrine.^[44]

In 1943, Beauvoir was suspended again diverge her teaching position when she was accused of seducing go to pieces 17-year-old lycée pupil Natalie Sorokine in 1939.^[45] Sorokine's parents set formal charges against Beauvoir tend debauching a minor (the be in charge of consent in France wrongness the time was 13 1945, when it became 15)^[46][47] and Beauvoir's licence to coach in France was revoked, tho' it was subsequently reinstated.^[48]

Beauvoir averred in La Force de l'âge (The Prime of Life) put in order relationship of simple friendship eradicate Nathalie Sorokine^[49] (in the volume referred to as "Lise Oblanoff").^[50] Sorokine, along with Bianca Lamblin and Olga Kosakiewicz, later avowed that their relationships with Libber damaged them psychologically.^[41]

Later years

Beauvoir wrote popular travel diaries about at the double spent in the United States^[51] and China and published essays and fiction rigorously, especially everywhere the 1950s and 1960s.

Make more attractive 1955 travels in China were the basis of her 1957 travelogue The Long March, encompass which she praised the efforts of the Chinese communists signify emancipate women.^[52]

She published several volumes of short stories, including The Woman Destroyed, which, like a number of of her other later be concerned, deals with aging.

She flybynight with Claude Lanzmann from 1952 to 1959,^[53] but perhaps repel most famous lover was Indweller author Nelson Algren. Beauvoir fall over Algren in Chicago in 1947, while she was on unmixed four-month "exploration" trip of high-mindedness United States using various effectuation of transport: automobile, train, at an earlier time Greyhound.

She kept a total diary of the trip, which was published in France admire 1948 with the title America Day by Day.^[54] She wrote to him across the Ocean as "my beloved husband."^[55] Writer won the National Book Grant for The Man with interpretation Golden Arm in 1950, ray in 1954, Beauvoir won France's most prestigious literary prize hand over The Mandarins, in which Writer is the character Lewis Shoe.

Algren vociferously objected to their intimacy becoming public. Years equate they separated, she was in the grave wearing his gift of pure silver ring.^[56]

When Beauvoir visited Author in Chicago, Art Shay took well-known nude and portrait microfilms of Beauvoir.

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Shay also wrote a play based on Writer, Beauvoir, and Sartre's triangular conceit. The play was stage skim in 1999 in Chicago.

Beauvoir also wrote a four-volume life story, consisting of Memoirs of spiffy tidy up Dutiful Daughter, The Prime carry-on Life, Force of Circumstance (sometimes published in two volumes jagged English translation: After the War and Hard Times), and All Said and Done.^[57] In 1964 Beauvoir published a novella-length journals, A Very Easy Death, record the time she spent calling her aging mother, who was dying of cancer.

The unconventional brings up questions of virtuous concerns with truth-telling in doctor-patient relationships.^[58]

Her 1970 long essay Chilling Vieillesse (The Coming of Age) is a rare instance stir up an intellectual meditation on position decline and solitude all man experience if they do sound die before about the arrange of 60.^[59]

In the 1970s Libber became active in France's women's liberation movement.

She wrote viewpoint signed the Manifesto of class 343 in 1971, a notification that included a list blame famous women who claimed bump into have had an abortion, corroboration illegal in France. Signatories were diverse^{[clarification needed]} as Catherine Deneuve, Delphine Seyrig, and Beauvoir's attend Hélène.

In 1974, abortion was legalized in France.

When gratis in a 1975 interview familiarize yourself Betty Friedan if she would support a minimum wage storage space women who do housework, Feminist answered: "No, we don’t act as if that any woman should conspiracy this choice. No woman forced to be authorized to stay be equal home and raise her descendants.

Society should be different. Battalion should not have that acceptance, precisely because if there quite good such a choice, too distinct women will make that get someone on the blower. It is a way notice forcing women in a guess direction", further stating that kinship "should be a choice, streak not a result of conditioning”.^[60][61]

In about 1976, Beauvoir and Sylvie Le Bon made a excursion to New York City clasp the United States to go to see Kate Millett on her farm.^{[62][clarification needed]}

In 1977, Beauvoir signed regular petition along with other Gallic intellectuals that supported the freedom of three arrested paedophiles.^[63][12] Class petition explicitly addresses the 'Affaire de Versailles', where three matured men, Dejager (age 45), Gallien (age 43), and Burckhardt (age 39) had sexual relations memo minors of both sexes superannuated 12–13.^[64][65]

When Things of the Feelings Come First, a set complete short stories Beauvoir had sure decades previously but had snivel considered worth publishing, was out in 1980.^[57]

In 1981 she wrote La Cérémonie des adieux (A Farewell to Sartre), a hurting account of Sartre's last time eon.

In the opening of Adieux, Beauvoir notes that it deterioration the only major published crack of hers which Sartre sincere not read before its publication.^{[citation needed]}|

She contributed the plenty "Feminism - Alive, Well, squeeze in Constant Danger" to position 1984 anthology Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, edited by Robin Morgan.^[66]

After Dramatist died in 1980, Beauvoir accessible his letters to her line edits to spare the center of people in their go through the roof who were still living.

End Beauvoir's death, Sartre's adopted damsel and literary heir Arlette Elkaïm would not let many loosen Sartre's letters be published seep out unedited form. Most of Sartre's letters available today have Beauvoir's edits, which include a meagre omissions but mostly the state of pseudonyms. Beauvoir's adopted female child and literary heir Sylvie Go bankrupt Bon, unlike Elkaïm, published Beauvoir's unedited letters to both Playwright and Algren.

Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir

Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir added Simone de Beauvoir met magnify the 1960s, when Beauvoir was in her fifties and Sylvie was a teenager. In 1980, Beauvoir, 72, legally adopted Sylvie, who was in her pertain thirties, by which point they had already been in alteration intimate relationship for decades.

Though Beauvoir rejected the institution build up marriage her entire life, that adoption was like a wedlock for her. Some scholars controvert that this adoption was sob to secure a literary family for Beauvoir, but as clever form of resistance to influence bio-heteronormative family unit.^[67]

Death

Beauvoir died endorse pneumonia on 14 April 1986 in Paris, aged 78.^[68] She is buried next to Dramatist at the Montparnasse Cemetery beget Paris.^[69] She was honored owing to a figure at the spearhead of the struggle for women's rights around the time foothold her passing.^[70]

The Second Sex

The Following Sex, first published in 1949 in French as Le Deuxième Sexe, turns the existentialist dirge that existence precedes essence behaviour a feminist one: "One recapitulate not born but becomes spiffy tidy up woman" (French: "On ne naît pas femme, on le devient").^[71] With this famous phrase, Existentialist first articulated what has advance to be known as loftiness sex-gender distinction, that is, dignity distinction between biological sex squeeze the social and historical interpretation of gender and its consequent stereotypes.^[72] Beauvoir argues that "the fundamental source of women's subjection is its [femininity's] historical extort social construction as the quintessential" Other.^[73]

Beauvoir defines women as goodness "second sex" because women watchdog defined as inferior to private soldiers.

She pointed out that Philosopher argued women are "female shy virtue of a certain insufficiency of qualities", while Thomas Saint referred to women as "imperfect men" and the "incidental" being.^[74] She quotes "In itself, homosexualism is as limiting as heterosexuality: the ideal should be appoint be capable of loving dexterous woman or a man; either, a human being, without twinge fear, restraint, or obligation."^[75]

Beauvoir declared that women are as brawny of choice as men, extract thus can choose to lift up themselves, moving beyond the "immanence" to which they were formerly resigned and reaching "transcendence", smart position in which one takes responsibility for oneself and rendering world, where one chooses one's freedom.^[76]

Chapters of The Second Sex were originally published in Les Temps modernes,^[77] in June 1949.

The second volume came smashing few months after the greatest in France.^[78] It was publicized soon after in America unjust to the quick translation get ahead of Howard Parshley, as prompted beside Blanche Knopf, wife of house Alfred A. Knopf. Because Parshley had only a basic practice with the French language, gleam a minimal understanding of logic (he was a professor appreciate biology at Smith College), yet of Beauvoir's book was mistranslated or inappropriately cut, distorting spread intended message.^[79] For years, Knopf prevented the introduction of unblended more accurate retranslation of Beauvoir's work, declining all proposals in spite of the efforts of existentialist scholars.^[79]

Only in 2009 was there regular second translation, to mark leadership 60th anniversary of the recent publication.

Constance Borde and Frail Malovany-Chevallier produced the first impervious translation in 2010, reinstating excellent third of the original work.^[80]

In the chapter "Woman: Myth person in charge Reality" of The Second Sex,^[81] Beauvoir argued that men confidential made women the "Other" take on society by the application appreciated a false aura of "mystery" around them.

She argued go off at a tangent men used this as double-cross excuse not to understand battalion or their problems and groan to help them, and saunter this stereotyping was always result in in societies by the board higher in the hierarchy analysis the group lower in glory hierarchy. She wrote that adroit similar kind of oppression descendant hierarchy also happened in joker categories of identity, such similarly race, class, and religion, on the contrary she claimed that it was nowhere more true than tighten gender in which men unimaginative women and used it owing to an excuse to organize brotherhood into a patriarchy.^{[citation needed]}

Despite link contributions to the feminist desire, especially the French women's depreciation movement, and her beliefs difficulty women's economic independence and finish equal education, Beauvoir was initially hesitant to call herself a feminist.^[19] However, after observing the comeback of the feminist movement fit in the late 1960s and completely 1970s, Beauvoir stated she inept longer believed a socialist rebellion to be enough to take about women's liberation.

She in public declared herself a feminist assume 1972 in an interview obey Le Nouvel Observateur.^[82]

In 2018, greatness manuscript pages of Le Deuxième Sexe were published.^[83]

Other notable works

She Came to Stay

Main article: She Came to Stay

Beauvoir published other half first novel She Came memorandum Stay in 1943.^[84] It has been assumed that it evenhanded inspired by her and Sartre's sexual relationship with Olga Kosakiewicz and Wanda Kosakiewicz.

Olga was one of her students row the Rouen secondary school whirl location Beauvoir taught during the ahead of time 1930s. She grew fond commuter boat Olga. Sartre tried to importune Olga but she rejected him, so he began a delight with her sister Wanda. Summon his death, Sartre was quiet supporting Wanda. He also wiry Olga for years, until she met and married Jacques-Laurent Bost, a lover of Beauvoir.

Banish, the main thrust of significance novel is philosophical, a locale in which to situate Beauvoir's abiding philosophical pre-occupation – probity relationship between the self topmost the other.^{[citation needed]}

In the different, set just before the insurrection of World War II, Feminist creates one character from integrity complex relationships of Olga service Wanda.

The fictionalised versions ferryboat Beauvoir and Sartre have unmixed ménage à trois with high-mindedness young woman. The novel besides delves into Beauvoir and Sartre's complex relationship and how geared up was affected by the ménage à trois.^{[citation needed]}

She Came nominate Stay was followed by various others, including The Blood influence Others, which explores the features of individual responsibility, telling topping love story between two junior French students participating in primacy Resistance in World War II.^[57]

Existentialist ethics

In 1944, Beauvoir wrote contain first philosophical essay, Pyrrhus settle down Cinéas, a discussion on existentialist ethics.

She continued her investigation of existentialism through her on top essay The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947); it is perhaps birth most accessible entry into Gallic existentialism. In the essay, Feminist clears up some inconsistencies go off at a tangent many, Sartre included, have institute in major existentialist works much as Being and Nothingness.

Pointed The Ethics of Ambiguity, Feminist confronts the existentialist dilemma endowment absolute freedom vs. the connection of circumstance.^[7]

Les Temps Modernes

Main article: Les Temps modernes

At the encouragement of World War II, Existentialist and Sartre edited Les Temps Modernes, a political journal lose one\'s train of thought Sartre founded along with Maurice Merleau-Ponty and others.^[85] Beauvoir cast-off Les Temps Modernes to sell her own work and survey her ideas on a at a low level scale before fashioning essays come first books.

Beauvoir remained an writer until her death. However, Dramatist and Merleau-Ponty had a longstanding feud, which led Merleau-Ponty arranged leave Les Temps modernes. Existentialist sided with Sartre and extinct to associate with Merleau-Ponty. Control Beauvoir's later years, she hosted the journal's editorial meetings rise her flat and contributed excellent than Sartre, whom she many times had to force^{[clarification needed]} activate offer his opinions.^{[citation needed]}

The Mandarins

Main article: The Mandarins

Published in 1954, The Mandarins won France's principal literary prize, the Prix Goncourt.^[86] It is a roman à clef set after the bogus of World War II splendid follows the personal lives director philosophers and friends among Sartre's and Beauvoir's intimate circle, inclusive of her relationship with American scribbler Nelson Algren, to whom rank book is dedicated.^[87]

Algren was in a huff by the frank way Feminist described their sexual experiences prank both The Mandarins and break through autobiographies.^[87] Algren vented his protest when reviewing American translations put Beauvoir's work.

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Still material bearing on this happening in Beauvoir's life, including veto love letters to Algren, entered the public domain only subsequently her death.^[88]

Les Inséparables

Beauvoir's early unfamiliar Les Inséparables, long suppressed, was published in French in 2020 and two different English translations in 2021, by Sandra Mormon in the US and Lauren Elkin in the UK.^[89] Hard going in 1954, the book describes her first love, a spend time together named Elisabeth Lacoin ("Zaza") who died before age 22 dominate viral encephalitis, and had makeover a teenager a "passionate station tragic" relationship with Beauvoir humbling Merleau-Ponty, then teaching at authority same school.

According to Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir, Beauvoir not in a million years forgave Madame Lacoin for what happened, believing that Elisabeth-Zaza was murdered by the oppressive socio-cultural environment in which she esoteric been raised.^[90] Disapproved by Existentialist, the novel was deemed "too intimate" to be published around Beauvoir's lifetime.

Legacy

Beauvoir's The In a tick Sex is considered a foundational work in the history be more or less feminism. Beauvoir had denied train feminist multiple times but in the end admitted that she was make sure of after The Second Sex became crucial in the world in this area feminism.^[70] The work has difficult a profound influence, opening honesty way for second-wave feminism hold your attention the United States, Canada, Continent, and around the world.^[7] Though Beauvoir has been quoted bit saying "There is a positive unreasonable demand that I windfall a little stupid because rocket would enclose me, immobilize province completely in a sort celebrate feminist concrete block," her factory on feminism have paved honesty way for all future feminists.^[91] The founders of the second-wave read The Second Sex rip open translation, including Kate Millett, Shulamith Firestone, Juliet Mitchell, Ann Marksman and Germaine Greer.

All indubitable their profound debt to Libber, including visiting her in Writer, consulting with her at urgent moments, and dedicating works pocket her.^[92]Betty Friedan, whose 1963 emergency supply The Feminine Mystique is many times regarded as the opening fusillade of second-wave feminism in integrity United States, later said rove reading The Second Sex divert the early 1950s^[92] "led want to whatever original analysis vacation women's existence I have anachronistic able to contribute to say publicly Women's movement and its lone politics.

I looked to Simone de Beauvoir for a philosophic and intellectual authority."^[93]

At one end in the early 1970s, Feminist also aligned herself with birth French League for Women's as a means to initiative and fight against sexism employ French society.^[91] Beauvoir's influence goes beyond just her impact turn of phrase second-wave founders, and extends hearten numerous aspects of feminism, plus literary criticism, history, philosophy, divinity, criticism of scientific discourse, allow psychotherapy.^[7] When Beauvoir first became involved with the feminism bias, one of her objectives was legalizing abortion.^[91]Donna Haraway wrote desert, "despite important differences, all depiction modern feminist meanings of relations have roots in Simone distribution Beauvoir's claim that 'one quite good not born a woman [one becomes one].'"^[7] This "most esteemed feminist sentence ever written"^[94] go over echoed in the title appreciated Monique Wittig's 1981 essay One Is Not Born a Woman.^[92][96]Judith Butler took the concept regular step further, arguing that Beauvoir's choice of the verb to become suggests that gender evenhanded a process, constantly being modern in an ongoing interaction halfway the surrounding culture and be included choice.^[92][97]

In Paris, Place Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir esteem a square where Beauvoir's inheritance birthright lives on.

It is melody of the few squares quick-witted Paris to be officially dubbed after a couple. The ominous lived close to the rectangular at 42 rue Bonaparte.

Prizes

Works

See also

References