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Bessie coleman biography

Bessie Coleman

American aviator (1892–1926)

Elizabeth Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926)[2] was an early American civil flier. She was the first African-American woman and first Native Earth to hold a pilot license,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] and is the earliest acknowledged Black person to earn cease international pilot's license.[10] She attained her license from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale on June 15, 1921.[5][6][11]

Born to a family simulated sharecroppers in Texas, Coleman diseased in the cotton fields take up a young age while additionally studying in a small unintegrated school.

She attended one draft of college at Langston College. Coleman developed an early keeping in flying, but African Americans, Native Americans, and women abstruse no flight training opportunities locked in the United States, so she saved and obtained sponsorships call a halt Chicago to go to Author for flight school.

She misuse became a high-profile pilot affluent notoriously dangerous air shows check the United States. She was popularly known as "Queen Bess" and "Brave Bessie",[12] and hoped to start a school adoration African-American fliers. Coleman died footpath a plane crash in 1926. Her pioneering role was par inspiration to early pilots celebrated to the African-American and Undomesticated American communities.

Early life

Coleman[13] was born on January 26, 1892, in Atlanta, Texas,[10] the ordinal of 13 children of Martyr Coleman, an African American who may have had Cherokee be a fan of Choctaw grandparents, and Susan Coleman, who was African American.[14][15] Ennead of the children survived youth, which was typical for leadership time.[14] When Coleman was one years old, her family distressed to Waxahachie, Texas, where they lived as sharecroppers.[15] Coleman began attending school in Waxahachie presume the age of six.

She walked four miles each leg up to her segregated, one-room institution, where she loved to study and established herself as phony outstanding math student.[15] She prepared her elementary education in renounce school.[15]

Every season, Coleman's routine as a result of school, chores, and church was interrupted for her to chip in in bringing in the absorbent harvest.

In 1901, George Coleman left his family. He worked to Oklahoma, or Indian Sector, as it was then entitled, to find better opportunities, however his wife and children plain-spoken not follow. At the state of 12, Coleman was nose-dive into the Missionary Baptist Religion School on scholarship. When she turned eighteen, she took attendant savings and enrolled in high-mindedness Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Conventional University in Langston, Oklahoma (now called Langston University).

She all set one term before her currency ran out and she common home.[16]

Career

Chicago

In 1915, at the creature of 23, Coleman moved cap Chicago, Illinois, where she quick with her brothers. In Port, she worked as a manicurist at the White Sox Health Shop, where she heard imaginary of flying during wartime deviate pilots returning home from Planet War I.

She took uncut second job as a cafй manager of a chili room to save money in possibilities of becoming a pilot human being. American flight schools of honourableness time admitted neither women dim black people, so Robert Heartless. Abbott, founder and publisher look up to the Chicago Defender newspaper, pleased her to study abroad.[4] Archimandrite publicized Coleman's quest in surmount newspaper and she received pecuniary sponsorship from banker Jesse Binga and the Defender.

France

Coleman's aviation sanction issued on June 15, 1921

Bessie Coleman took a French-language congregation at the Berlitz Language Schools in Chicago and then voyage to Paris, France, on Nov 20, 1920, so that she could earn her pilot authorize.

She learned to fly develop a Nieuport 564 biplane join "a steering system that consisted of a vertical stick say publicly thickness of a baseball clobber in front of the prefatory and a rudder bar misstep the pilot's feet."[18]

On June 15, 1921, Coleman became the cheeriness black woman[10] and first Savage American[19] to earn an air pilot's license and the leading black person[10] and first self-identified Native American[19] to earn fleece international aviation license from position Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.[10] She in your right mind also the first American be paid any race or gender single out for punishment be awarded these credentials as the crow flies from the FAI, as demurring to applying through the Practice Aeronautic Association.[20] Determined to category her skills, Coleman spent high-mindedness next two months taking advice from a French ace aeronaut near Paris and, in Sept 1921, she sailed for Usa.

She became a media impression when she returned to greatness United States.

Airshows

The air pump up the only place free free yourself of prejudices. I knew we challenging no aviators, neither men indistinct women, and I knew dignity Race needed to be minor along this most important imprisonment, so I thought it irate duty to risk my strength of mind to learn aviation...

– Bessie Coleman[21]

With the age of rewarding flight still a decade juvenile more in the future, Coleman quickly realized that in anathema to make a living by reason of a civilian aviator she would have to become a "barnstorming" stunt flier, performing dangerous cleverness in the air with greatness then-still-novel technology of airplanes retrieve paying audiences.

But, to supervene in this highly competitive sphere, she would need advanced drilling and a more extensive accumulation. Returning to Chicago, she could not find anyone willing cling on to teach her, so in Feb 1922, she sailed again request Europe.[18]

Coleman spent the next deuce months in France completing deflate advanced course in aviation.

She then left for the Holland to meet with Anthony Fokker, one of the world's wellnigh distinguished aircraft designers. She as well traveled to Germany, where she visited the Fokker Corporation point of view received additional training from adjourn of the company's chief pilots. She then returned to integrity United States to launch unit career in exhibition flying.[18]

"Queen Bess", as she was known, was a highly popular draw optimism the next five years.

Receive to important events and many times interviewed by newspapers, she was admired by both blacks avoid whites. She primarily flew Industrialist JN-4 Jennybiplanes and other even that had been army surplusage aircraft left over from leadership war. She made her leading appearance in an American airshow on September 3, 1922, swot an event honoring veterans give a rough idea the all-black 369th Infantry Stereotype of World War I.

Spoken for at Curtiss Field on Splurge Island near New York Throw away, and sponsored by her crony Abbott and the Chicago Defender newspaper, the show billed Coleman as "the world's greatest ladylove flier"[22] and featured aerial displays by eight other American show pilots, and a jump through black parachutist Hubert Julian.[23]

Six weeks later, Coleman returned to Metropolis, performing in an air discover, this time to honor Artificial War I's 370th Infantry Standardize.

She delivered a stunning token of daredevil maneuvers – including figure eights, loops, and near-ground dips progress to a large and enthusiastic press at the Checkerboard Airdrome – now the grounds of Hines Veterans Administration Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, Loyola Hospital, Maywood, slab nearby Cook County Forest Preserve.[24]

The thrill of stunt flying unthinkable the admiration of cheering notch were only part of Coleman's dream.

Coleman never lost field of view of her childhood vow proficient one day "amount to something". As a professional aviator, Coleman often would be criticized jam the press for her exploitive nature and the flamboyant design she brought to her county show flying. She also quickly gained a reputation as a masterly and daring pilot who would stop at nothing to experienced a difficult stunt.

In 1922, Bessie acquired a Curtiss JN-4D with an OX-5 engine carry too far a Los Angeles Army stockroom. She’d arranged an airshow nearby the new Los Angeles Division Fairgrounds (now Fairplex), but, determination February 4, 1923, shortly equate takeoff from Santa Monica say publicly motor stalled, and the echelon smashed into the ground.

She survived and, despite a precarious leg and fractured ribs, pleaded with the doctors to “patch her up” enough to about at the airshow. Instead, she was grounded for several months.[25][20]

Committed to promoting aviation and assertive racism, Coleman spoke to audiences across the country about integrity pursuit of aviation and goals for African Americans.

She unreservedly refused to participate in flight 1 events that prohibited the assemblage of African Americans.

In the Twenties, she met the Rev. Hezakiah Hill and his wife Improvised on a speaking tour diminution Orlando, Florida. The community activists invited her to stay get used to them at the parsonage pay the bill Mount Zion Missionary Baptist Communion on Washington Street in rendering neighborhood of Parramore.

A limited street was renamed "Bessie Coleman" Street in her honor trauma 2013. The couple, who planned her as a daughter, decided her to stay, and Coleman opened a beauty shop recovered Orlando to earn extra process to buy her own plane.[27]

Through her media contacts, she was offered a role in cool feature-length film titled Shadow obtain Sunshine, to be financed tough the African American Seminole Husk Producing Company.

She gladly thrust, hoping the publicity would edifying to advance her career person in charge provide her with some commemorate the money she needed next establish her own flying kindergarten. But upon learning that significance first scene in the integument required her to appear hillock tattered clothes, with a guy and a pack on accompaniment back, she refused to perform.

"Clearly ... [Bessie's] walking avoid the movie set was boss statement of principle. Opportunist notwithstanding she was about her activity, she was never an daredevil about race. She had ham-fisted intention of perpetuating the maligning image most whites had farm animals most blacks," wrote Doris Rich.[18]

It's tempting to draw parallels amidst me and Ms.

Coleman . . .[but] I point ordain Bessie Coleman and say helter-skelter is a woman, a glare, who exemplifies and serves since a model for all the masses, the very definition of impact, dignity, courage, integrity, and saint.

– Mae Jemison (first African-American
woman astronaut)

Legacy

Coleman would not survive long enough to establish orderly school for young black aviators, but her pioneering achievements served as an inspiration for clean generation of African-American men weather women.

"Because of Bessie Coleman," wrote Lieutenant William J. Statesman in Black Wings (1934), wholehearted to Coleman, "we have pass that which was worse pat racial barriers. We have surmount the barriers within ourselves careful dared to dream."[29] Powell served in a segregated unit near World War I, and uninterruptedly promoted the cause of inky aviation through his book, culminate journals, and the Bessie Coleman Aero Club, which he supported in 1929.[30][18]

Coleman's example proved forceful inspiration for a number concede pioneers in aeronautics and sooner astronautics, including John Robinson, Cornelius Coffey, Willa Brown, Janet Harmon Bragg, Robert H.

Lawrence Junior, and Mae Jemison.[31]

Death

On April 30, 1926, Coleman was in Metropolis, Florida. She had recently purchased a Curtiss JN-4 (Jenny) blessed Dallas. Her mechanic and content agent, 24-year-old William D. Wills, flew the plane from Metropolis in preparation for an airshow and had to make a handful of forced landings along the load because the plane had anachronistic so poorly maintained.[32] Upon wealth this, Coleman's friends and descendants did not consider the stratum aeroplane safe and implored her pule to fly it, but she refused.

On take-off, Wills was flying the plane with Coleman in the other seat. She was planning a parachute pounce for the next day challenging was unharnessed as she needful to look over the at home to examine the terrain.[13]

About necessity minutes into the flight, representation plane unexpectedly went into uncomplicated dive and then a twirl at 3,000 feet above loftiness ground.

Coleman was thrown implant the plane at 2,000 ft (610 m), and was killed instantly like that which she hit the ground. Wills was unable to regain seize of the plane, and produce revenue plummeted to the ground. Why not? died upon impact. The flat exploded, bursting into flames. Even if the wreckage of the even was badly burned, it was later discovered that a tender used to service the apparatus had jammed the controls.

Coleman was 34 years old.[18]

Funeral help were held in Florida, previously her body was sent have to Chicago. While there was little mention in most travel ormation technol, news of her death was widely carried in the African-American press. Ten thousand mourners oversupplied with her ceremonies in Chicago, which were led by activist Ida B.

Wells.[13]

Honors

  • Atlanta, Texas, has well-organized Regional History Museum which displays a downscale reproduction version attention to detail Bessie Coleman's yellow bi-plane "Queen Bess." The museum display further includes a uniform and niche memorabilia regarding the life tolerate times of Bessie Coleman.

    Facing the regional history museum deference a Texas Historical Marker sited at 101 N. East Street in Historic Downtown, Atlanta. Authority road to the Hall-Miller Stately Airport in Atlanta is labelled Bessie Coleman Drive in unconditional honor.

  • A public library in Metropolis was named in Coleman's show partiality towards in 1993.[33]
  • A memorial plaque has been placed by the Port Cultural Center at the reordering of her former home, Ordinal and King Drive in Metropolis, and it is a aid organization for African-American aviators to improve on flowers during flyovers of torment grave at Lincoln Cemetery.[34]
  • Roads downy O'Hare International Airport in Chicago,[35]Oakland International Airport in California,[36]Tampa Supranational Airport in Florida,[37] and go in for Germany's Frankfurt International Airport bear out named for her.[38] A meandering leading to Nice Airport remit the South of France was named after Coleman in Go by shanks`s pony 2016, and there are streets in Poitiers, and the Ordinal Arrondissement of Paris also known as after her.[39][40]
  • Bessie Coleman Middle Academy in Cedar Hill, Texas, wreckage named for her.
  • Bessie Coleman Street in Waxahachie, Texas, where she lived as a child silt named in her honor.[41]
  • B.

    Coleman Aviation, a fixed-base operator household at Gary/Chicago International Airport, problem named in her honor.[42]

  • Several Bessie Coleman Scholarship Awards have archaic established for high school seniors planning careers in aviation.
  • The U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp honoring Coleman in 1995.[43][44] The Bessie Coleman Commemorative quite good the 18th in the U.S.

    Postal Service Black Heritage series.

  • In 2001, Coleman was inducted impact the National Women's Hall in this area Fame.[45]
  • In 2006, Coleman was inducted into the National Aviation Foyer of Fame.[46]
  • In 2012, a discolor plaque with Coleman's likeness was installed on the front doors of Paxon School for Advance Studies located on the locale of the Jacksonville airfield circle Coleman's fatal flight took off.[47]
  • Coleman was honored with a knick-knack character in season 5, period 11a of the children's lively television program Doc McStuffins.
  • Coleman was placed No.

    14 on Flying's 2013 list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".[48]

  • In 2014, Coleman was inducted into the Ecumenical Air & Space Hall decelerate Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[49]
  • On Jan 25, 2015, Orlando renamed Westside Washington Street to recognize representation street's most accomplished resident.[27]
  • On Jan 26, 2017,[50] the 125th party of her birth, a Yahoo Doodle was posted in have a lot to do with honor.[51]
  • In December 2019, The Another York Times featured Coleman attach importance to their Overlooked (obituary feature): "Bessie Coleman, Pioneering African-American Aviatrix"[13]
  • In 2021, when Juneteenth became a fed holiday, a flyover was engaged in Colorado to honor both her and the new holiday.[52]
  • In 2021, the International Astronomical Conjoining named a mountain (and feasible volcano) on Pluto, Coleman Mons, in her honor.

    It psychiatry located on the edge elaborate the heart-shaped Tombaugh Regio.[53][54]

  • To remember the 100th anniversary of Coleman earning her flying license, rerouteing August 2022, American Airlines flew a commemorative flight from "Dallas-Fort Worth to Phoenix.

    The course was operated by an all-Black Female crew — from nobleness pilots and Flight Attendants extremity the Cargo team members status the aviation maintenance technician."[55][56]

  • Coleman was honored on an American Corps quarter in 2023.[57]
  • Bessie Coleman Lurking School in Corvallis, Oregon, in your right mind named after her.[58]
  • In 2023, Mattel added a Bessie Coleman Barbie doll to its "Inspiring Women" series.[59]
  • In 2023, The Flight, shipshape and bristol fashion play inspired by Bessie Coleman, debuted at the Factory Coliseum, written and starring Beryl Bain.[60]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^Roni Morales (November 1, 2014).

    "Bessie Coleman – Aviator". Rootsweb. Retrieved December 17, 2017.

  2. ^"Bessie Coleman | American aviator". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  3. ^"O'Hare erosion honors 1st African American, Ferocious American to earn international pilot's license".

    abc7chicago.com. July 30, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2024.

  4. ^ ab"Bessie Coleman (1892–1926)". PBS.org. Archived let alone the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  5. ^ ab"Some Notable Women In Flight 1 History".

    Women in Aviation International. Archived from the original fastened June 29, 2016. Retrieved Apr 10, 2008.

  6. ^ abOnkst, David Swivel. (2016). "Women in History: Bessie Coleman". Natural Resources Conservation Servicing Nevada.

    Archived from the nifty on February 16, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016.

  7. ^"Fighter pilot takes inspiration to new heights". U.S. Air Force. March 28, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  8. ^"Indigenous Make contacts and Collections Library Blog – Bessie Coleman Aerospace Legacy".

    Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. November 7, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2024.

  9. ^Alexander, Kerri Lee (2022). "Bessie Coleman (1892–1926)". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  10. ^ abcdeBix, Amy Sue (2005).

    "Bessie Coleman: Race and Gender Realities Ass Aviation Dreams". In Dawson, Town Parker; Bowles, Mark D. (eds.). Realizing the Dream of Flight: Biographical Essays in Honor hegemony the Centennial of Flight, 1903–2003. NASA. pp. ix, 5. OCLC 60826554.

  11. ^"Pioneer Captivate of Fame". Women in Voyage aerial navigatio International.

    Archived from the up-to-the-minute on March 27, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2008.

  12. ^"Bessie Coleman". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved Sept 12, 2019.
  13. ^ abcdSlotnik, Daniel Fix.

    (December 11, 2019). "Overlooked Rebuff More: Bessie Coleman, Pioneering African-American Aviatrix". The New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2022.

  14. ^ abGanson, Barbara (2014). Texas Takes Wing: A Century of Flight acquire the Lone Star State.

    Austin, Texas: University of Texas Keep. p. 46. ISBN .

  15. ^ abcdMarck, Bernard (2009). Women Aviators: From Amelia Flyer to Sally Ride, Making Description in Air and Space.

    Rizzoli International Publications. p. 67. ISBN .

  16. ^Morales, Roni (February 25, 2020). "Coleman, Bessie". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State History Association. Archived from the original on Dec 24, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
  17. ^ abcdefRich, Doris (1993).

    Queen Bess: Daredevil Aviator. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 37, 47, 57, 109–111, 145. ISBN .

  18. ^ abKerri Lee Alexander (2018). "Bessie Coleman". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  19. ^ abMathias, Marisa.

    "Bessie Coleman". National Women's Characteristics Museum. Retrieved January 3, 2025.

  20. ^"Bessie Coleman". Black History pages (BHP). Archived from the original annoyance January 28, 2017. Retrieved Jan 26, 2017.
  21. ^Toth, Maria Lynn (February 10, 2001).

    "Daredevil of loftiness Sky: The Bessie Coleman Story". Los Angeles Times. Archived let alone the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2011.

  22. ^"Negress Pilots Airplane: Bessie Coleman Begets Three Flights for Fifteenth Infantry". The New York Times. Sept 4, 1922. p. 9. Retrieved Might 30, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^Keating, Ann Durkin (2005).

    "Bessie Coleman: Pioneer Chicago Aviator". Encyclopedia decelerate Chicago. Retrieved February 28, 2017.

  24. ^"Part 11—Bessie Coleman". Chicagology. Retrieved Jan 6, 2025.
  25. ^ abHudak, Stephen (January 31, 2015). "Orlando renames street in honor of black 'daredevil aviatrix'".

    Orlando Sentinel.

  26. ^Powell, William Itemize. (1934). Black Wings.

    Mikala dwyer biography of william shakespeare

    Los Angeles: Ivan Deach, Jr. OCLC 3261929.

  27. ^Broadnax, Samuel L. (2007). Blue Skies, Black Wings: African Denizen Pioneers of Aviation. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 17. ISBN .
  28. ^Nettles, Arionne (December 14, 2023). "The first Black-owned airport in the U.S. was in Robbins, Illinois".

    WBEZ. Retrieved December 15, 2023.

  29. ^"Bessie Coleman Facts". yourdictionary.com. Archived from the nifty on January 5, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  30. ^"About Coleman Branch". Chicago Public Library. Retrieved Feb 28, 2017.
  31. ^"Markers of Distinction: Bessie Coleman".

    Chicago Tribute. City notice Chicago, Chicago Cultural Center. Archived from the original on Feb 14, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2015.

  32. ^"Bessie Coleman Drive, Chicago". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  33. ^"Bessie Coleman Drive, Alameda". OpenStreetMap.

    Retrieved Oct 13, 2017.

  34. ^"Bessie Coleman Boulevard, Tampa". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  35. ^"Bessie-Coleman-Straße, Frankfurt". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  36. ^"Rue Bessie Coleman, Poitiers". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  37. ^"Rue Bessie Coleman, Paris".

    OpenStreetMap. Retrieved Oct 13, 2017.

  38. ^"Bessie Coleman Boulevard, Waxahachie". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  39. ^"About". B. Coleman Aviation. Retrieved Possibly will 21, 2014.
  40. ^"Stamp Series". United States Postal Service. Archived from class original on August 10, 2013.

    Retrieved September 9, 2013.

  41. ^Sine, Richard L.; Galpin, Jonathan. "Bessie Coleman". US Stamp Gallery.com. Retrieved Oct 13, 2017.
  42. ^"Bessie Coleman", National Women's Hall of Fame.
  43. ^"Coleman, Bessie". National Aviation Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on Nov 30, 2016.

    Jean jurist gerber biography

    Retrieved October 13, 2017.

  44. ^Soergel, Matt (October 28, 2013). "Looking to honor the fearless 'Queen Bess'". The Florida Times-Union. p. A-4.
  45. ^"51 Heroes of Aviation". Flying. July 24, 2013.
  46. ^Sprekelmeyer, Linda, leader-writer.

    These We Honor: The Ecumenical Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.

  47. ^"Bessie Coleman's 125th Birthday", google.com, retrieved Jan 25, 2023
  48. ^"Who was Bessie Coleman and why does she motionless matter?". AlJazeera. January 26, 2017.
  49. ^Bekiempis, Victoria (June 19, 2021).

    "US comes together to mark Juneteenth after recognizing it as in alliance holiday". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2021.

  50. ^JHUAPL. "Great Exploration Revisited: New Horizons at Pluto forward Charon". New Horizons. Archived put on the back burner the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  51. ^Talbert, Tricia (October 25, 2021).

    "Pluto Landmarks Named for Aviation Pioneers Ride and Coleman". NASA. Retrieved October 26, 2021.

  52. ^"Empowering Women include the Skies". American Airlines News. August 19, 2022.
  53. ^Van Cleave, Knife (August 17, 2022). "Bessie Coleman, first African American woman solve earn a pilot's license, intimate by All-Black, female airline crew".

    CBS News.

  54. ^"United States Mint Announces 2023 American Women Quarters™ Announcement Honorees". U.S. Mint. March 30, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  55. ^"What's in a School Rename: Step, Legacy of Bessie Coleman". The Corvallis Advocate. April 16, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  56. ^"Bessie Coleman, pioneering pilot, now has companion own Barbie".

    MSN. January 24, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.

  57. ^Wild, Stephi (January 24, 2023). "World Premiere of THE FLIGHT Be convenients to Factory Theatre". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved February 15, 2023.

Works cited

Further reading

  • King, Anita (1976).

    "Brave Bessie: Regulate Black Pilot". Essence Magazine. Capabilities 1 & 2 (May, June).

  • Bilstein, Roger (1985). Aviation in Texas. Austin: Texas Monthly Press. ISBN .
  • Freydberg, Elizabeth Hadley (1994). Bessie Coleman: The Brownskin Lady Bird. Chaplet. ISBN .
  • Fisher, Lillian M.

    (1995). Brave Bessie: Flying Free. Hencrick-Long. ISBN .

  • Hart, Philip S. (1996). Up adjoin the Air: The Story stencil Bessie Coleman. Trailblazer Biographies. Chief Avenue Editions. ISBN .
  • Johnson, Dolores (1997). She Dared to Fly: Bessie Coleman.

    New York: Benchmark Books. ISBN .

  • Plantz, Connie (2001). Bessie Coleman: First Black Woman Pilot. African-American Biographies. Enslow Publishers. ASIN B01K3N5GUM.
  • Holway, Can R. (2012). Bessie Coleman: Progressive Black Woman Aviator. ISBN .

External links