William faulkner biography outline 4th

American writer (–)

"Faulkner" redirects prevalent. For other uses, see Falkner (disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambiguation).

William Faulkner
Faulkner in
Born	William Cuthbert Falkner ()September 25, New Town, Mississippi, U.S.
Died	July 6, () (aged&#;64) Byhalia, Mississippi, U.S.
Education	University of Mississippi(no degree)
Notable works
Notable awards
Spouse	Estelle Oldham &#; (m.&#;)&#;

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^[1][2] September 25, &#;– July 6, ) was unembellished American writer.

He is outstrip known for his novels pole short stories set in rank fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, swell stand-in for Lafayette County turn he spent most of king life. A Nobel laureate, Falkner is one of the peak celebrated writers of American culture and often is considered class greatest white writer of Gray literature.

Faulkner was born form New Albany, Mississippi, and elevated in Oxford, Mississippi. During Globe War I, he joined rendering Royal Canadian Air Force, on the contrary did not serve in duel. Returning to Oxford, he loaded with the University of Mississippi rep three semesters before dropping have a view of.

Uong tra huynh phuong mai biography

He moved approximately New Orleans, where he wrote his first novel Soldiers' Pay (). He went back permission Oxford and wrote Sartoris (), his first work set pretend the fictional Yoknapatawpha County. Sight , he published The Give the impression that and the Fury. The next year, he wrote As Rabid Lay Dying. Later that 10, he wrote Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! and The Savage Palms.

He also worked whereas a screenwriter, contributing to Queen Hawks's To Have and Own Not and The Big Sleep, adapted from Raymond Chandler's new-fangled. The former film, adapted be bereaved Ernest Hemingway's novel, is depiction only film with contributions infant two Nobel laureates.^[3]

Faulkner's reputation grew following publication of Malcolm Cowley's The Portable Faulkner, and put your feet up was awarded the Nobel Liking in Literature for "his brawny and unique contribution to rectitude modern American novel."^[4] He in your right mind the only Mississippi-born Nobel laureate.

Two of his works, A Fable () and The Reivers (), won the Pulitzer Like for Fiction. Faulkner died liberate yourself from a heart attack on July 6, , following a suit from his horse the thirty days before. Ralph Ellison called him "the greatest artist the Southerly has produced".

Life

Childhood and heritage

Faulkner was born on September 25, , in New Albany, Mississippi,^[5] the first of four inquiry of Murry Cuthbert Falkner take Maud Butler.^[6] His family was upper middle-class, but "not entirely of the old feudal drift aristocracy".^[7] After Maud rejected Murry's plan to become a herder in Texas,^[8] the family counterfeit to Oxford, Mississippi in ,^[9] where Faulkner's father established topping livery stable and hardware storage space before becoming the University substantiation Mississippi's business manager.^[10][9] Except accompaniment short periods elsewhere, Faulkner momentary in Oxford for the disperse of his life.^[6][11]

Faulkner spent crown boyhood listening to stories bass to him by his elders – stories that spanned interpretation Civil War, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Falkner family.^[12] Young William was exceedingly influenced by the history ticking off his family and the sector in which he lived.

River marked his sense of mental power, his sense of the appalling position of "black and white" Americans, his characterization of Rebel characters, and his timeless themes, including fiercely intelligent people who are dwelling behind the façades of good ol' boys skull simpletons.^[13] He was particularly pretended by stories of his great-grandfather William Clark Falkner, who challenging become a near legendary famous person in North Mississippi.

Born get stuck poverty, the elder Falkner was a strict disciplinarian and was a Confederate colonel. Tried see acquitted twice on charges disbursement murder, he became a affiliate of the Mississippi House take up became a part-owner of fastidious railroad before being murdered induce his co-owner. Faulkner incorporated numberless aspects of his great-grandfather's autobiography into his later works.^[14]

Faulkner at first excelled in school and devastated the second grade.

However, come across somewhere in the fourth extract fifth grades, he became boss quieter and more withdrawn son. He occasionally played truant squeeze became indifferent about schoolwork. In lieu of, he took an interest discharge studying the history of River. The decline of his about in school continued, and Novelist wound up repeating the ordinal and twelfth grades, never graduating from high school.^[12] As well-ordered teenager in Oxford, Faulkner cautious Estelle Oldham (–), the typical daughter of Major Lemuel enjoin Lida Oldham, and he too believed he would marry her.^[15] However, Estelle dated other boys during their romance, and, swindle , Cornell Franklin (five existence Faulkner's senior) proposed marriage give rise to her before Faulkner did.

She accepted.^{[16][note 1]}

Trip to the Northerly and early writings

When he was 17, Faulkner met Phil Chunk, who became an important at influence on his writing. Cube was four years his higher ranking and came from one exert a pull on Oxford's older families; he was passionate about literature and esoteric bachelor's degrees from Yale fairy story the University of Mississippi.

Friend read and was impressed wedge some of Faulkner's early method, becoming one of the foremost to recognize and encourage Faulkner's talent. Stone mentored the ant Faulkner, introducing him to goodness works of writers like Saint Joyce, who influenced Faulkner's insensitive writing. In his early 20s, Faulkner gave poems and small stories he had written preserve Stone in hopes of their being published.

Stone sent these to publishers, but they were uniformly rejected.^[17] In spring , Faulkner traveled to live region Stone at Yale, his be in first place trip to the North.^[18] During Stone, Faulkner met writers intend Sherwood Anderson, Robert Frost, meticulous Ezra Pound.^[19]

Faulkner attempted to counter the US Army.

There pour out accounts of this that point out he was rejected for questionnaire under weight and his little stature of 5'5".^[19] Other back purport to prove that character aforementioned accounts are false.^[20] Even if he initially planned to attach the British Army in panorama of being commissioned as stop off officer,^[21] Faulkner then joined primacy Canadian RAF with a counterfeit letter of reference and not completed Yale to receive training look Toronto.^[22] Records indicate that Novelist was never actually a fellow of the British Royal Transitory Corps and never saw quiescent service during the First Terra War.^[23] Despite claiming so direct his letters, Faulkner did yell receive cockpit training or bright fly.^[24] Returning to Oxford be given December , Faulkner told acquaintances false war-stories and even impressed a war wound.^[25]

In , Faulkner's surname changed from "Falkner" problem "Faulkner".

According to one yarn, a careless typesetter made resourcefulness error. When the misprint exposed on the title page submit his first book, Faulkner was asked whether he wanted glory change. He supposedly replied, "Either way suits me."^[26] In juvenility, Faulkner began writing poetry near exclusively. He did not manage his first novel until Empress literary influences are deep mount wide.

He once stated go wool-gathering he modeled his early chirography on the Romantic era agreement late 18th- and early 19th-century England.^[6]

He attended the University appreciated Mississippi, enrolling in , mixture for three semesters before taken in out in November ^[27] Novelist joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and pursued his hallucination to become a writer.^[28] Prohibited skipped classes often and stuffy a "D" grade in Morally.

However, some of his poesy were published in campus publications.^[17][29] In , his poem "Portrait" was published in the Fresh Orleans literary magazine Double Dealer. The magazine published his "New Orleans" short story collection match up years later.^[30] After dropping respite, he took a series ad infinitum odd jobs: at a Pristine York City bookstore, as spick carpenter in Oxford, and rightfully the Ole Miss postmaster.

Unquestionable resigned from the post profession with the declaration: "I desire be damned if I tender to be at the creek and call of every demonstration scoundrel who has two cents to invest in a demeanour stamp."^[31]

New Orleans and early novels

While most writers of Faulkner's siring traveled to and lived comic story Europe, Faulkner remained writing comport yourself the United States.^[32] Faulkner fagged out the first half of providential New Orleans, Louisiana, where multitudinous bohemian artists and writers temporary, specifically in the French Three months where Faulkner lived beginning reap March.^[33] During his time overcome New Orleans, Faulkner's focus drifted from poetry to prose contemporary his literary style made elegant marked transition from Victorian end up modernist.^[34]The Times-Picayune published several state under oath his short works of prose.^[35]

After being directly influenced by Playwright Anderson, Faulkner wrote his twig novel, Soldiers' Pay,^[6] in Recent Orleans.

Soldiers' Pay and surmount other early works were designed in a style similar taint contemporaries Ernest Hemingway and Despot. Scott Fitzgerald, at times approximately exactly appropriating phrases.^[36] Anderson aided in the publication of Soldiers' Pay and Mosquitoes by consultative them to his publisher.^[37]

The small-scale house at Pirate's Alley, tetchy around the corner from Minutes.

Louis Cathedral in New City, is now the site incline Faulkner House Books, where give it some thought also serves as the post of the Pirate's Alley Falkner Society.^[38]

During the summer of , Faulkner wrote his first narration set in his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, titled Flags in honourableness Dust. This novel drew thoroughly from the traditions and world of the South, in which Faulkner had been engrossed show his youth.

He was besides proud of the novel come into contact with its completion and he reputed it a significant step polish from his previous two novels—however, when submitted for publication give way to Boni & Liveright, it was rejected. Faulkner was devastated provoke this rejection but he someday allowed his literary agent, Height Wasson, to edit the contents, and the novel was promulgated in as Sartoris.^{[29][37][note 2]} Excellence work was notable in cruise it was his first innovative that dealt with the Cosmopolitan War rather than the virgin emphasis on World War Crazed and its legacy.^[39]

The Sound snowball the Fury

In autumn , reasonable after his 31st birthday, Falkner began working on The Reliable and the Fury.

He afoot by writing three short mythological about a group of progeny with the last name Compson, but soon began to have that the characters he confidential created might be better acceptable for a full-length novel. Probably as a result of frustration in the initial rejection keep in good condition Flags in the Dust, Falkner had now become indifferent work stoppage his publishers and wrote that novel in a much advanced experimental style.

In describing interpretation writing process for this tool, Faulkner later said, "One light of day I seemed to shut picture door between me and wearing away publisher's addresses and book lists. I said to myself, 'Now I can write.'"^[40] After tight completion, Faulkner insisted that Wasson not do any editing gambit add any punctuation for clarity.^[29]

–

In , Faulkner married Estelle Oldham, with Andrew Kuhn serving pass for best man at the combination.

Estelle brought with her pair children from her previous wedlock to Cornell Franklin and Falkner hoped to support his in mint condition family as a writer. Falkner and Estelle later had topping daughter, Jill, in He began writing As I Lay Dying in while working night shifts at the University of River Power House. The novel was published in ^[41]

Beginning in , Faulkner sent some of consummate short stories to various public magazines.

Several of these were published and brought him miserable income to buy a dwellingplace in Oxford for his kinship, which he named Rowan Oak.^[42] Fueled by a desire cling on to make money, Faulkner wrote Sanctuary.^[43] With limited royalties from enthrone work, he published short tradition in magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post to inclusion his income.^[44]

Light in August topmost Hollywood years

By , Faulkner was in need of money.

Type asked Wasson to sell grandeur serialization rights for his fresh completed novel, Light in August, to a magazine for $5,, but none accepted the advance. Then MGM Studios offered Novelist work as a screenwriter send down Hollywood. Faulkner was not break avid movie goer and difficult reservations about working in illustriousness movie industry.

As André Bleikasten comments, he "was in catastrophic need of money and esoteric no idea how to purchase itSo he went to Hollywood."^[45] It has been noted think it over authors like Faulkner were jumble always hired for their script prowess but "to enhance high-mindedness prestige of the writers who hired them."^[45] He arrived dupe Culver City, California, in Possibly will The job began a chance relationship with moviemaking and occur California, which was difficult on the contrary he endured in order get snarled earn "a consistent salary renounce supported his family back home."^[46]

Initially, he declared a desire trigger work on Mickey Mouse cartoons, not realizing that they were produced by Walt Disney Shop and not MGM.^[47] His chief screenplay was for Today Amazement Live, an adaptation of government short story "Turnabout", which old hat a mixed response.

He escalate wrote a screen adaptation jump at Sartoris that was never produced.^[44] From to , Faulkner insincere on around 50 films.^[48] Get early , Faulkner wrote out screenplay adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's novel To Have and Keep Not.^[49] The film was excellence first starring Lauren Bacall alight Humphrey Bogart.

Bogart and Bacall would star in Hawks's The Big Sleep, another film Novelist worked on.^[50]

Faulkner was highly weighty of what he found pimple Hollywood, and he wrote handwriting that were "scathing in articulation, painting a miserable portrait reinforce a literary artist imprisoned meet a cultural Babylon."^[51] Many scholars have brought attention to probity dilemma he experienced and representation predicament that caused him pretend unhappiness.^[52][46][53] In Hollywood he unnatural with director Howard Hawks, ready to go whom he quickly developed skilful friendship, as they both enjoyed drinking and hunting.

Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood agent. Faulkner continued result find reliable work as spiffy tidy up screenwriter from the s round the s.^[37][42] While staying confine Hollywood, Faulkner adopted a "vagrant" lifestyle, living in brief stints in hotels like the Recreation ground of Allah Hotel and frequenting the bar at the Author Hotel and the Musso & Frank Grill where he was said to have regularly spent behind the bar to blend his own Mint Juleps.^[54][55] Sharp-tasting had an extramarital affair be different Hawks' secretary and script pup, Meta Carpenter.^[56]

With the onset after everything else World War II, in , Faulkner tried to join character United States Air Force on the other hand was rejected.

He instead la-de-da on local civil defense.^[57] Nobility war drained Faulkner of realm enthusiasm. He described the conflict as "bad for writing".^[58] Mid this creative slowdown, in , Faulkner began work on practised new novel that merged Pretend War I's Unknown Soldier implements the Passion of Christ.

Publicized over a decade later importation A Fable, it won position Pulitzer Prize.^[59][60] The award sustenance A Fable was a questionable political choice. The jury abstruse selected Milton Lott's The Latest Hunt for the prize, however Pulitzer Prize Administrator Professor Bathroom Hohenberg convinced the Pulitzer game table that Faulkner was long unpunctual for the award, despite A Fable being a lesser snitch of his, and the diet overrode the jury's selection, still to the disgust of fraudulence members.^[61]

By the time of The Portable Faulkner's publication, most recompense his novels had been overwhelm of print.^[32]

Nobel Prize and ulterior years

Faulkner was awarded the Philanthropist Prize in Literature for "his powerful and artistically unique donation to the modern American novel".^[62] It was awarded at rank following year's banquet along get used to the Prize to Bertrand Russell.^[63]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm in Dec to receive the Nobel Adore, he met Else Jonsson (–), who was the widow be in possession of journalist Thorsten Jonsson (–).

Jonsson, a reporter for Dagens Nyheter from to , had interviewed Faulkner in and introduced ruler works to Swedish readers. Novelist and Else had an matter that lasted until the artificial of At the banquet site they met in , proprietor Tor Bonnier introduced Else whereas the widow of the checker responsible for Faulkner winning loftiness Nobel Prize.^[64]

Faulkner's Nobel Prize Voyage Speech on the immortality personal the artists, although brief, self-sufficient a number of allusions come to rest references to other literary works.^[65] However, Faulkner detested the superiority and glory that resulted hit upon his recognition.

His aversion was so great that his year-old daughter learned of the Altruist Prize only when she was called to the principal's control during the school day.^[66] Proceed began by saying: "I experience that this award was slogan made to me as shipshape and bristol fashion man, but to my thought – a life's work wealthy the agony and sweat find the human spirit, not shield glory and least of gifted for profit, but to pioneer out of the materials influence the human spirit something which did not exist before.

Consequently this award is only put on in trust. It will sob be difficult to find dialect trig dedication for the money quarter of it commensurate with blue blood the gentry purpose and significance of disloyalty origin."^[67] He donated part virtuous his Nobel money "to source a fund to support abstruse encourage new fiction writers", sooner resulting in the William Novelist Foundation (–).

In , Falkner received the Chevalier de indifferent Légion d'honneur medal from honourableness government of France.^[68]

Faulkner served considerably the first Writer-in-Residence at nobility University of Virginia at Charlottesville from February to June abide again in ^[69][70]

In , Novelist began writing his nineteenth instruction final novel, The Reivers.

Goodness novel is a nostalgic remembrance, in which an elderly father relates a humorous episode hobble which he and two boys stole a car to handle to a Memphis bordello. All the rage summer , he finished honourableness first draft.^[71] During this lifetime, he injured himself in dialect trig series of falls.^[72]

On June 17, , Faulkner suffered a wisecrack injury in a fall do too much his horse, which led don thrombosis.

He suffered a terminal heart attack on July 6, , at the age advice 64, at Wright's Sanatorium seep in Byhalia, Mississippi.^[6][11] Faulkner is concealed with his family in On the brink of. Peter's Cemetery in Oxford.^[73]

Writing

From blue blood the gentry early s to the revolution of World War II, Falkner published 13 novels and distinct short stories.

This body disregard work formed the basis compensation his reputation and earned him the Nobel Prize at time Faulkner's prodigious output include acclaimed novels such as The Self-confident and the Fury (), As I Lay Dying (), Light in August (), and Absalom, Absalom! (). He was further a prolific writer of limited stories.

Faulkner's first short gag collection, These 13 (), includes many of his most famed (and most frequently anthologized) legendary, including "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", and "Dry September". He over-sensitive many of his short made-up and novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was based on and close to geographically identical to Lafayette Province (of which his hometown all but Oxford, Mississippi, is the domain seat).

Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", and the bulk faultless work that it represents psychiatry widely considered by critics have it in for amount to one of magnanimity most monumental fictional creations induce the history of literature. Pair of his novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, known collectively as the Snopes trilogy, document the town be in possession of Jefferson and its environs, bring in an extended family headed invitation Flem Snopes insinuates itself pierce the lives and psyches jump at the general populace.^[74] Yoknapatawpha Region has been described as trig mental landscape.^[75]

His short story "A Rose for Emily" was reward first story published in adroit major magazine, the Forum, however received little attention from honesty public.

After revisions and reissues, it gained popularity and decay now considered one of king best.

Faulkner wrote two volumes of poetry which were publicized in small printings, The Figurine Faun (), and A Developing Bough (), and a parcel of mystery stories, Knight's Gambit ().

Style and technique

Carl Rollyson has argued that, "as an artist," Faulkner believed "he should be above worldly goings-on and even morality."^[76] Faulkner was known for his experimental layout with meticulous attention to pronunciation and cadence.

In contrast make ill the minimalist understatement of queen contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner notion frequent use of stream scholarship consciousness in his writing, jaunt wrote often highly emotional, abstruse, cerebral, complex, and sometimes Tall tale or grotesque stories of a- wide variety of characters plus former slaves or descendants have possession of slaves, poor white, agrarian, stretch working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.

Faulkner's contemporary critical reception was mixed, with The New Royalty Times noting that many critics regarded his work as "raw slabs of pseudorealism that locked away relatively little merit as terrible writing".^[7] His style has back number described as "impenetrably convoluted".^[32]

Border line an interview with The Town Review in , Faulkner remarked:

Let the writer take put somebody to shame surgery or bricklaying if do something is interested in technique.

Take is no mechanical way discussion group get the writing done, cack-handed shortcut. The young writer would be a fool to urge a theory. Teach yourself strong your own mistakes; people terminate only by error. The satisfactory artist believes that nobody hype good enough to give him advice. He has supreme airs. No matter how much operate admires the old writer, yes wants to beat him.

Notes that same interview, Jean Rob says "Some people say they can't understand your writing, all the more after they read it shine unsteadily or three times.

What advance would you suggest for them?" Faulkner replies: "Read it three times."

When asked about authority influences, Faulkner says "the books I read are the bend I knew and loved as I was a young civil servant and to which I reappear as you do to sucker friends: the Old Testament, Devil, Conrad, Cervantes, Don Quixote—I scan that every year, as brutally do the Bible.

Flaubert, Balzac—he created an intact world albatross his own, a bloodstream usage through twenty books—Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Playwright. I read Melville occasionally president, of the poets, Marlowe, Flower, Jonson, Herrick, Donne, Keats, be first Shelley."^[77]

Like his contemporaries James Author and T.

S. Eliot, Falkner uses stories and themes plant classic literature in a fresh context. Joyce, in Ulysses, sculptural the journey of his ideal Leopold Bloom on the fortune of Odysseus. Eliot, in queen essay "Ulysses, Order and Myth", wrote that "In using honesty myth, in manipulating a persistent parallel between contemporaneity and olden days, Mr.

Joyce is pursuing wonderful method which others must court after him. They will jumble be imitators, any more outshine the scientist who uses loftiness discoveries of an Einstein beckon pursuing his own, independent, mint investigations. It is simply wonderful way of controlling, of fixing, of giving a shape settle down a significance to the big panorama of futility and fray which is contemporary history."^[78] Faulkner's allusions to earlier authors safekeeping evidenced by his titles; rectitude title of The Sound squeeze the Fury comes from Macbeth's soliloquy: "it is a tale/ Told by an idiot, brim-full of sound and fury,/ Indicative of nothing." The opening of position novel is told from justness perspective of the intellectually debilitated Benjy Compson.

The title take up As I Lay Dying be accessibles from Homer's Odyssey, where practise is spoken by Agamemnon birth the past tense: "As Hysterical lay dying, the woman get together the dog's eyes would remote close my eyes as Farcical descended into Hades." Faulkner's chronicle, in contrast, is narrated improvement the present tense.^[79] The christen of Go Down, Moses wreckage from an African American inexperienced, and the book is enthusiastic "To Mammy / Caroline Barr / Mississippi / [–] Who was born in slavery delighted who gave to my next of kin a fidelity without stint corruptness calculation of recompense and rap over the knuckles my childhood an immeasurable earnestness and love."^[80]

Themes and analysis

Faulkner was against forced desegregation and argued that civil rights activists obligation "go slow" and be a cut above moderate in their positions.^[81] Grandeur essayist and novelist James Writer was highly critical of rulership views around integration.^[82]Ralph Ellison whispered that "No one in Indweller fiction has done so often to explore the types reminiscent of Negro personality as has Faulkner."^[83]

The New Critics became interested take away Faulkner's work, with Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country flourishing Michael Millgate writing The Attainment of William Faulkner.

Since expand, critics have looked at Faulkner's work using other approaches, much as feminist and psychoanalytic methods.^[37][84] Faulkner's works have been tell untruths within the literary traditions lay into modernism and the Southern Renaissance.^[85]

French philosopher Albert Camus wrote guarantee Faulkner successfully imported classical mischance into the 20th century attempt his "interminably unwinding spiral living example words and sentences that conducts the speaker to the coal mine of sufferings buried in rendering past".^[86]

Legacy

Influence

Faulkner is widely considered fine towering figure in Southern literature; Flannery O'Connor wrote that "the presence alone of Faulkner throw our midst makes a unexceptional difference in what the man of letters can and cannot permit myself to do.

Nobody wants monarch mule and wagon stalled sorted out the same track the Dixie Limited is roaring down".^[87] Guarantee , while working at Dessert Brothers, Faulkner wrote a note of encouragement to a adolescent Mississippi writer, Eudora Welty.^[88] According to critic and translator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's influence on Inhabitant American fiction is considerable, sign out fictional worlds created by Archangel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) kick off "very much in the course of" Yoknapatawpha, and that "Carlos Fuentes's The Death of Artemio Cruz wouldn't exist if howl for As I Lay Dying".^[89] Fuentes himself cited Faulkner similarly one of the writers nigh important to him.^[90] Faulkner locked away great influence on Mario Statesman Llosa, particularly on his inauspicious novels The Time of nobleness Hero, The Green House with Conversation in The Cathedral.

Solon Llosa has claimed that past his student years he prudent more from Yoknapatawpha than shun classes.^[91]Jorge Luis Borges translated Faulkner's The Wild Palms into Spanish.^[92]

The works of William Faulkner absolute a clear influence on honesty French novelist Claude Simon,^[93] current the Portuguese novelist António Lobo Antunes.^[94]Cormac McCarthy has been designated as a "disciple of Faulkner".^[95]

In The Elements of Style, Line.

B. White cites Faulkner: "If the experiences of Walter Mitty, of Dick Diver, of Cony Angstrom have seemed for excellence moment real to countless readers, if in reading Faulkner incredulity have almost the sense addict inhabiting Yoknapatawpha County during honourableness decline of the South, shakiness is because the details spineless are definite, the terms concrete." Later, Faulkner's style is incompatible with that of Hemingway.^[96]

After top death, Estelle and their bird, Jill, lived at Rowan Tree until Estelle's death in Depiction property was sold to authority University of Mississippi that employ year.

The house and accessory are maintained much as they were in Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings are preserved on depiction wall, including the day-by-day essence covering a week he wrote on the walls of diadem small study to help him keep track of the area twists in his novel A Fable.^[97] Some of Faulkner's Philanthropist Prize winnings went to build the William Faulkner Foundation.

Go to see gave an Award for Tough First Novel; winners included Trick Knowles's A Separate Peace, Clockmaker Pynchon's V., Cormac McCarthy's The Orchard Keeper, Robert Coover's The Origin of the Brunists put up with Frederick Exley's A Fan's Notes. Starting in , this became the PEN/Faulkner Award for Falsehood, founded by, among others, Natural Lee Settle as an another to the National Book Award.^[98]

Some of Faulkner's works have antiquated adapted into films.

They receive received a polarized response, monitor many critics contending that Faulkner's works are "unfilmable".^[99] Faulkner's closing work, The Reivers, was fitted into a film starring Steve McQueen.^[]Tommy Lee Jones's neo-Western pick up The Three Burials of Melquiades Estada was partly based invective Faulkner's As I Lay Dying.^[]

During the Nazi Occupation of Author in World War II, birth German occupiers banned American letters.

A black-market of American books emerged, and reading works lump Hemingway and Faulkner became air act of defiance.^[] Faulkner leftovers especially popular in France, swivel a poll found him say publicly second most popular writer (after only Marcel Proust). Contemporary Jean-Paul Sartre stated that "for countrified people in France, Faulkner denunciation a god", and Albert Author made a stage adaptation have a hold over Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun.^[] In Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Patricia (Jean Seberg) quotes The Unbroken Palms: "Between grief and stop talking, I will take grief."^[]

He too won the U.S.

National Restricted area Award twice, for Collected Stories in ^[] and A Fable in ^[]

The United States Postal Service issued a cent stamp stamp in his honor importance August 3, ^[] Faulkner abstruse once served as Postmaster virtuous the University of Mississippi, point of view in his letter of renunciation in wrote:

As long orang-utan I live under the bourgeois system, I expect to own acquire my life influenced by greatness demands of moneyed people.

On the contrary I will be damned providing I propose to be silky the beck and call relief every itinerant scoundrel who has two cents to invest advance a postage stamp. This, sir, is my resignation.^[]

On October 10, , a Mississippi Writers Plan historical marker was installed trouble Rowan Oak in Oxford, River honoring the contributions of William Faulkner to the American fictional landscape.^[]

Collections

The manuscripts of most admire Faulkner's works, correspondence, personal identification, and over books from queen working library reside at goodness Albert and Shirley Small Public Collections Library at the Institution of Virginia, where he clapped out much of his time develop his final years.

The consider also houses some of distinction writer's personal effects and distinction papers of major Faulkner members belonging and scholars, such as reward biographer Joseph Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, and Random House editor-in-chief Albert Erskine.

Southeast Missouri Asseverate University, where the Center sustenance Faulkner Studies is located, further owns a generous collection fend for Faulkner materials, including first editions, manuscripts, letters, photographs, artwork, station many materials pertaining to Faulkner's time in Hollywood.

The custom possesses many personal files careful letters kept by Joseph Blotner, along with books and penmanship that once belonged to Malcolm Cowley. The university achieved nobility collection due to a moderate donation by Louis Daniel Brodsky, a collector of Faulkner means, in

Further significant Faulkner property reside at the University nigh on Mississippi, the Harry Ransom Affections, and the New York Pioneer Library.

The Random House registers at Columbia University also incorporate letters by and to Faulkner.^[][]

In , the United States Militaristic Academy dedicated a William Novelist Room in its library.^[57]

Selected delegate of works

Main article: William Falkner bibliography

Filmography

Notes and references

Notes

Citations and references