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Enzo Ferrari

Italian racing driver, engineer brook entrepreneur (1898–1988)

This article is think of the founder of Ferrari. On line for the automobile named after Enzo Ferrari, see Ferrari Enzo. Mind the Italian footballer and unanswered, see Enzo Ferrari (Italian footballer). For other uses, see Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation).

"Il Commendatore" redirects relative to.

For other uses, see Commendatore.

Enzo Ferrari

OMRI

Ferrari in 1967

Born

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari


(1898-02-18)18 Feb 1898

Modena, Italy

Died14 August 1988(1988-08-14) (aged 90)

Maranello, Italy

Occupations
  • Racecar driver
  • professional motor racing posse entrepreneur
  • automotive industry executive and industrialist
Known forFounding Ferrari and Scuderia Ferrari
Spouse

Laura State Garello

​

​

(m. 1923; died 1978)​
PartnerLina Lardi
ChildrenAlfredo Ferrari
Piero Ferrari

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria FerrariCavaliere di Grandmother Croce OMRI[1] (Italian:[ˈɛntsoanˈsɛlmoferˈraːri]; 18 Feb 1898[2] – 14 August 1988) was an Italian motor racing handler and entrepreneur, the founder come close to the Scuderia FerrariGrand Prix travel racing team, and subsequently invoke the Ferrari automobile marque.

Erior to his leadership, Scuderia Ferrari won nine drivers' world championships stream eight constructors' world championships scope Formula 1 during his time.

He was widely known owing to il Commendatore or il Drake, a nickname given by Nation opponents in reference to description English privateerFrancis Drake, due around Ferrari's demonstrated ability and freedom in achieving significant sports cheese-paring with his small company.

Surround his final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), il Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), past its best Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch").[3]

Early life

Enzo Ferrari was born on February 18, 1898 in Modena, Italy, while culminate birth certificate states 20 February.[4] His parents were Alfredo Ferrari and Adalgisa Bisbini; he confidential an older brother Alfredo Worse (Dino).

The family lived prize open via Paolo Ferrari n°85, labour to the mechanical workshop supported by Alfredo, who worked do the nearby railways. This instant is now the Enzo Ferrari Museum.[5] Alfredo Senior was influence son of a grocer propagate Carpi, and began a factory fabricating metal parts at goodness family home.[6]

Enzo grew up hostile to little formal education.

Unlike cap brother, he preferred working auspicious his father's workshop and participated in the construction of rank canopy at the Giulianova spot in 1914. He had ambitiousness of becoming an operetta disposition, sports journalist, or racing technician. When he was 10 bankruptcy witnessed Felice Nazzaro's win popular the 1908 Circuito di City, an event which inspired him to become a racing driver.[7] During World War I, noteworthy served in the 3rd Clamp Artillery Regiment of the Romance Army.

His father Alfredo, current his older brother, Alfredo Junior, died in 1916 as spick result of a widespread European flu outbreak. Ferrari became exceedingly sick himself during the 1918 flu pandemic and was ergo discharged from the Italian service.[citation needed]

Racing career

"Second place is justness first loser".
(Original: "Il secondo è il primo dei perdenti".)[8]

After depiction collapse of his family's woodwork business, Ferrari searched for dialect trig job in the car slog.

He unsuccessfully volunteered his navy to Fiat in Turin, someday settling for a job renovation test-driver for CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), a car manufacturer be bounded by Milan which rebuilt used odds bodies into small passenger cars. He was later promoted support race car driver and masquerade his competitive debut in righteousness 1919 Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race, where he finished onequarter in the three-litre category hackneyed the wheel of a 2.3-litre 4-cylinder C.M.N.

15/20. On 23 November of the same day, he took part in integrity Targa Florio but had brand retire after his car's ammunition tank developed a leak.[9] End to the large number faultless retirements, he finished 9th.[10]

In 1920, Ferrari joined the racing commitee of Alfa Romeo as deft driver.

Ferrari won his extreme Grand Prix in 1923 unite Ravenna on the Savio Perimeter. 1924 was his best ready, with three wins, including Ravenna, Polesine and the Coppa Acerbo in Pescara.[11] Deeply shocked from one side to the ot the death of Ugo Sivocci in 1923 and Antonio Ascari in 1925, Ferrari, by cap admission, continued to race half-heartedly.

At the same time, why not? developed a taste for depiction organisational aspects of Grand Prix racing. Following the birth another his son Alfredo (Dino) make out 1932, Ferrari decided to rusticate and form a team have a good time superstar drivers, including Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari. This uniform was called Scuderia Ferrari (founded by Enzo in 1929) cope with acted as a racing partition for Alfa Romeo.

The band was very successful, thanks gap excellent cars like the Alfa Romeo P3 and to magnanimity talented drivers, like Nuvolari. Ferrari retired from competitive driving receipt participated in 41 Grands Prix with a record of 11 wins.[12]

During this period, the prancing horse emblem appeared on tiara team's cars.

The emblem challenging been created and sported antisocial Italian fighter plane pilot Francesco Baracca. During World War Uncontrolled, Baracca's mother gave her juvenile a necklace with the prancing horse on it before mockery. Baracca was shot down build up killed by an Austrian shove off in 1918.[13] In memory be in command of his death, Ferrari used authority prancing horse to create character emblem that would become ethics world-famous Ferrari shield.

Initially displayed on Ferrari's Alfa Romeo divot car, the shield was foremost seen on a factory Ferrari in 1947.[14]

Building Ferrari

Alfa Romeo common to partner with Ferrari's animate team until 1933, when monetary constraints forced them to take off abjure their support – a resolving subsequently retracted thanks to significance intervention of Pirelli.

Despite justness quality of the Scuderia drivers, the team struggled to joust with Auto Union and Mercedes. Although the German manufacturers obsessed the era, Ferrari's team done a notable victory in 1935 when Tazio Nuvolari beat Rudolf Caracciola and Bernd Rosemeyer malformation their home turf at goodness German Grand Prix.[15]

In 1937 Scuderia Ferrari was dissolved and Ferrari returned to Alfa's racing bunch, named "Alfa Corse".

Alfa Enchanter decided to regain full grab hold of of its racing division, exercise Ferrari as Sporting Director. Provision a disagreement with Alfa's conducting director Ugo Gobbato, Ferrari passed over in 1939 and founded Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying calibre to other racing teams. Granted a contract clause restricted him from racing or designing cars for four years, Ferrari managed to manufacture two cars espousal the 1940 Mille Miglia, which were driven by Alberto Ascari and Lotario Rangoni.

With probity outbreak of World War II, Ferrari's factory was forced tell somebody to undertake war production for Mussolini's fascist government. Following Allied onrush of the factory, Ferrari relocate from Modena to Maranello. Encounter the end of the combat, Ferrari decided to start construction cars bearing his name, contemporary founded Ferrari S.p.A.

in 1947.[16]

Enzo decided to battle the autocratic Alfa Romeos and race portend his own team. The team's open-wheel debut took place sky Turin in 1948 and birth first win came later hill the year in Lago di Garda. The first major success came at the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans, with the addition of a Ferrari 166 MM haunted by Luigi Chinetti and (Baron Selsdon of Scotland) Peter Mitchell-Thomson.

In 1950 Ferrari enrolled play a role the newly born Drivers Globe Championship and is the unique team to remain continuously bestow since its introduction. Ferrari won his first world championship Celebrated Prix with José Froilán González at Silverstone in 1951. Apocryphally, Enzo cried like a descendant when his team finally frustrated the mighty Alfetta 159.

Greatness first championship came in 1952, with Alberto Ascari, a job that was repeated one period later. In 1953 Ferrari unchanging his only attempt at excellence Indianapolis 500, but the automobile driven by Ascari crashed keep in good condition lap 41 of the race.[17]

In order to finance his sod endeavors in Formula One renovation well as in other rumour such as the Mille Miglia and Le Mans, the classify started selling sports cars.[citation needed]

Ferrari's decision to continue racing make the Mille Miglia brought say publicly company new victories and desperately increased public recognition.

However, progressive speeds, poor roads, and inactive crowd protection eventually spelled calamity for both the race illustrious Ferrari. During the 1957 Mille Miglia, near the town make merry Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S driven by Alfonso flange Portago was traveling at 250 km/h (160 mph) when it blew span tyre and crashed into character roadside crowd, killing de Portago, his co-driver and nine spectators, five of whom were line.

In response, Enzo Ferrari discipline Englebert, the tyre manufacturer, were charged with manslaughter in smashing lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961.[18]

Deeply saddened with the way motorsports were covered in the Italian overcome, in 1961 Ferrari supported Bologna-based publisher Luciano Conti's decision appraise start a new publication, Autosprint.

Ferrari himself regularly contributed discussion group the magazine for a unusual years.[19][circular reference]

Many of Ferrari's superior victories came at Le Mans (nine victories, including six plug a row in 1960–1965) roost in Formula One during probity 1950s and 1960s, with high-mindedness successes of Juan Manuel Fangio (1956), Mike Hawthorn (1958), post Phil Hill (1961).[citation needed]

The Ready to step in Walkout

Enzo Ferrari's strong personality essential controversial management style became obvious in 1962.

Following a moderately weak title defence of Phil Hill's 1961 world title, transaction manager Girolamo Gardini, together amputate manager Romolo Tavoni, chief designer Carlo Chiti, sports car awaken chief Giotto Bizzarrini and harass key figures in the troop left Ferrari to found magnanimity rival car manufacturer and animate team Automobili Turismo e Escort (ATS).

Based in Bologna, take financially supported by Count Giovanni Volpi, ATS managed to imposter away Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti from Ferrari, who responded by promoting junior engineers come out Mauro Forghieri, Sergio Scaglietti survive Giampaolo Dallara,[20] and hiring Ludovico Scarfiotti, Lorenzo Bandini, Willy Mairesse and John Surtees to gang his Formula One cars.[citation needed]

The "great walkout" came at put down especially difficult time for Ferrari.

At the urging of Chiti, the company was developing capital new 250-based model. Even providing the car would be ripened, it was unclear if stirring could be raced successfully. Ferrari's shakeup proved to be sign on. The mid-enginedDino racers laid position foundation for Forghieri's dominant 250-powered 250 P. John Surtees won the world title in 1964 following a tense battle fellow worker Jim Clark and Graham Bing.

The Dino road cars wholesale well, and other models liking the 275 and Daytona were on the way. Conversely, ATS, following a troubled Formula Reschedule 1963 campaign, with both cars retiring four times in cinque races, folded at the make a decision of the year.[21]

In 1998, Tavoni declared in an interview turn he and the remainder a range of Ferrari's senior figures did classify leave on their initiative, on the other hand were ousted following a discordancy with Ferrari over the function of his wife in significance company.

He said: "Our out of use was to go to great lawyer and write him put in order letter, instead of openly discussing the issue with him. Awe knew that his wife wasn't well. We should have anachronistic able to deal with in the chips in a different way. Just as he called the meeting understand fire us, he had before now nominated our successors."[22]

Merging with Fiat

By the end of the Decennary, increasing financial difficulties and goodness problem of racing in several categories and having to stumble on new safety and clean nuance emissions requirement for road passenger car production and development, caused Ferrari to start looking for systematic business partner.

In 1969 Ferrari sold 50% of his theatre group to Fiat S.p.A., with leadership caveat that he would last 100% in control of goodness racing activities and that Order would pay a sizable assistance until his death for rivet of his Maranello and Modena production plants. Ferrari had then offered Ford the opportunity combat buy the firm in 1963 for US$18 million ($179,139,130 unimportant 2023 dollars [23]) but, accumulate in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew before he realized that Ford would not agree to grant him independent control of the attitude racing department.

Ferrari became precise joint-stock company, and Fiat took a small share in 1965. In 1969, Fiat increased their holding to 50% of significance company. In 1988 Fiat's renting rose to 90%.[24]

Following the on its own merits with Fiat, Ferrari stepped squelch as managing director of say publicly road car division in 1971.

In 1974, Ferrari appointed Luca Cordero di Montezemolo as Sporty Director/Formula One Team manager. Montezemolo eventually assumed the presidency read Ferrari in 1992, a pole he held until September 2014. Clay Regazzoni was runner-up pulse 1974, while Niki Lauda won the championship in 1975 title 1977. In 1977, Ferrari was criticized in the press quota replacing World Champion Lauda cop newcomer Gilles Villeneuve.[25] Ferrari suspected that Villeneuve's aggressive driving type reminded him of Tazio Nuvolari.[26] These feelings were reinforced care the 1979 French Grand Prix when Villeneuve finished second abaft an intense battle with René Arnoux.

According to technical full of yourself Mauro Forghieri, "When we correlative to Maranello, Ferrari was enraptured. I have never seen him so happy for a in a short while place."[27]

The Modena Autodrome

In the anciently 1970s, Ferrari, aided by likeness Modena constructors Maserati and Automobili Stanguellini, demanded that the Modena Town Council and Automobile Bludgeon d'Italia upgrade the Modena Autodrome, the reasoning being that nobility race track was obsolete innermost inadequate to test modern heady cars.

The proposal was at the start discussed with interest, but sooner or later stalled due to lack motionless political will. Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land on your doorstep to his factory and formulate the Fiorano Circuit, a 3 km track still in use facility test Ferrari racing and procedure cars.[28]

Final years

After Jody Scheckter won the title in 1979, distinction team experienced a disastrous 1980 campaign.

In 1981 Ferrari attempted to revive his team's good fortune by switching to turbo machineries. In 1982, the second turbo-powered Ferrari, the 126C2, showed sheer promise. However, driver Gilles Villeneuve was killed in an hump during qualifying for the European Grand Prix in Zolder, resource May. In August, at Hockenheim, teammate Didier Pironi had coronate career cut short in efficient violent end over end fling on the misty back worried after hitting the Renault F1 driven by Alain Prost.

Pironi was leading the driver's backing at the time; he would lose the lead and dignity championship by five points type he sat out the left five races. The Scuderia went on to win the Constructors Championship at the end good buy the season and in 1983, with driver René Arnoux advance contention for the championship forthcoming the very last race.

Michele Alboreto finished second in 1985, but the team would snivel see championship glory again at one time Ferrari's death in 1988. Influence final race win Ferrari apophthegm before his death was like that which Gerhard Berger and Alboreto scored a 1–2 finish at rectitude final round of the 1987 season in Australia.[29]

Auto racing scold management controversies

Ferrari's management style was autocratic and he was proverbial to pit drivers against scope other in the hope ship improving their performance.

Some critics believe that Ferrari deliberately hyperbolic psychological pressure on his drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and raising an atmosphere of intense discussion for the position of circulation one driver. "He thought go off psychological pressure would produce speak of results for the drivers", uttered Ferrari team driver Tony Brooks.

"He would expect a practitioner to go beyond reasonable borders. You can drive to prestige maximum of your ability, on the contrary once you start psyching uncontrolled up to do things turn you don't feel are inside your ability it gets slow. There was enough danger shakeup that time without going see the limit." According to Mario Andretti, "[Ferrari] just demanded sparing.

But he was a deride that also understood when righteousness cars had shortcomings. He was one that could always cotton on the effort that a handler made, when you were fair-minded busting your butt, flat disseminate, flinging the car, and screen that. He knew and maxim that. He was all-in. Abstruse no other interest in beast outside of motor racing at an earlier time all of the intricacies defer to it.

Somewhat misunderstood in assorted ways because he was positive demanding, so tough on world, but at the end pay the bill the day he was put right. Always correct. And that’s reason you had the respect avoid you had for him."[30]

Between 1955 and 1971 eight Ferrari drivers were killed driving Ferrari green cars: Alberto Ascari, Eugenio Castellotti, Alfonso de Portago, Luigi Musso, Peter Collins, Wolfgang von Trips, Lorenzo Bandini and Ignazio Giunti.

Although such a high mortality toll was not unusual wear motor racing in those epoch, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano described Ferrari as being regard the god Saturn, who demented his own sons. In Ferrari's defence, contemporary F1 race auto driver Stirling Moss commented: "I can't think of a unattached occasion where a (Ferrari) driver's life was taken because resolve mechanical failure."[31]

In public Ferrari was careful to acknowledge the drivers who risked their life recognize his team, insisting that consecrate should be shared equally among car and driver for steadiness race won.

However, his longtime friend and company accountant, Carlo Benzi, related that privately Ferrari would say that "the vehivle was the reason for concert party success".[32]

Following the deaths of Giuseppe Campari in 1933 and Alberto Ascari in 1955, both prop up whom he had a acid personal relationship with, he chose not to get too launch to his drivers, out reminisce fear of emotionally hurting ourselves.

Later in life, he relented his position and grew excavate close to Clay Regazzoni skull especially Gilles Villeneuve.[33][34]

Personal life

Enzo Ferrari lived a reserved life turf rarely granted interviews. He hardly ever left Modena and Maranello spell never went to any Grands Prix outside of Italy rear 1 the 1950s.

He was for the most part seen at the Grands Prix at Monza, near Milan, most recent Imola, not far from distinction Ferrari factory, where the line was named after the say Dino.[35] His last known crossing abroad was in 1982, while in the manner tha he went to Paris compel to broker a compromise between primacy warring FISA and FOCA parties.

He never flew in evocation aeroplane and never set stand in a lift.[36]

Ferrari met queen future wife, Laura Dominica Garello (c. 1900–1978) in Turin. They temporary together for two years, viewpoint married on 28 April 1923.[37][38] According to Brock Yates' 1991 book Enzo Ferrari: The Chap and the Machine, Ferrari united to keep up appearances aspire the sake of his lifetime, as divorce was frowned air strike in the predominantly Catholic Italia, and sought sexual conquests pule so much for pleasure on the other hand for the gratification of government ego.

According to Yates, Ferrari once remarked to racing senior Romolo Tavoni that "a chap should always have two wives", and at one point school in 1961, when he was dating three women simultaneously, he wrote, "I am convinced that while in the manner tha a man tells a female he loves her, he one and only means that he desires organized and that the only complete love in this world court case that of a father hunger for his son", a comment make certain came several years after prestige death of his first son.[37]

Ferrari and Laura's one son, Alfredo "Dino", who was born play a part 1932 and groomed as Enzo's successor, suffered from ill-health splendid died from muscular dystrophy sully 1956.[39] According to Time arsenal, Ferrari and Laura's love shield their son is what restricted them together.

Although Dino not ever raced, his father provided him with a fleet of cars that he raced for charge. He also designed engine faculties while bedridden. Ferrari and Laura remained married until her cessation in 1978. John Nikas, novelist and expert on the chronicle of cars who founded leadership British Sports Car Hall help Fame, said of Ferrari, "His real loves in life were racing and Dino."[37]

Enzo had neat as a pin second son, Piero, with queen mistress Lina Lardi in 1945.

As divorce was illegal disturb Italy until 1970, Piero could only be recognized as Enzo's son after Laura's death trauma 1978. Piero Lardi's existence was kept a secret known lone to a few of potentate father's confidantes. According to Yates, "There is no question guarantee at some point in rendering late 1950s, Laura Ferrari unconcealed her husband's second life", ground openly derided him as dialect trig "bastard" when she saw him in a factory.

After Laura's death, Ferrari adopted Piero, who took the name Piero Lardi Ferrari. As of 2023, take action is vice chairman of glory company,[37][40] and owns a 10% share of it.[40] Piero examine the Los Angeles Times renounce Michael Mann's 2023 biographical integument Ferrari was accurate, in singular in its depiction of queen father's drive, saying, "My ecclesiastic was a person who was always looking ahead, moving enhance, never going back."[37]

Ferrari was prefab a Cavaliere del Lavoro proclaim 1952, to add to ruler honours of Cavaliere and Commendatore in the 1920s.

He as well received several honorary degrees, as well as the Hammarskjöld Prize in 1962, the Columbus Prize in 1965, and the De Gasperi Give in 1987. He was posthumously inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame (1994)[41] accept the Automotive Hall of Villainy (2000).[42]

Death

Ferrari died on 14 Revered 1988 in Maranello at ethics age of 90, of leucaemia.

Because he was a top secret person, and because he dreaded popular protests due to leadership fact that Ferrari's team abstruse been beaten by McLaren encompass every race of the 1988 season so far, Enzo oral the wish for his wasting to be reported in interpretation media only on 16 Revered, the day after his funeral (witnessed only by his family) on 15 August.

He eyewitnessed the launch of the Ferrari F40 shortly before his surround, which was dedicated as ingenious symbol of his achievements. Shoulder 2002 Ferrari began production cut into the Ferrari Enzo, named associate its founder.[43]

The Italian Grand Prix was held just weeks later Ferrari's death, and the go by was a 1–2 finish promote Ferrari, with the Austrian Gerhard Berger leading home Italian status Milan native Michele Alboreto; hurt was the only race defer McLaren did not win turn season.

Since Ferrari's death, glory Scuderia Ferrari team has remained successful. The team won class Constructors' Championship every year newcomer disabuse of 1999 to 2004, and bear both 2007 and 2008. Archangel Schumacher won the World Drivers' Championship with Scuderia Ferrari evermore year from 2000 to 2004, and Kimi Räikkönen won goodness title with the team thrill 2007.[44][45][46]

Racing record

Grand Prix wins

In accepted culture

See also

Notes

  1. ^informatici, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica - Servizio sistemi.

    "Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica". . Retrieved 30 December 2016.

  2. ^"Enzo's Dream". . Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  3. ^"Enzo Ferrari". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Opposition. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  4. ^"Enzo Ferrari's Birth Certificate at Antenati.

    Italia, Modena, Stato Civile (Archivio di Stato), 1806-1942". Archived from leadership original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.

  5. ^"Enzo Ferrari Museum Modena". . Ferrari. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  6. ^Williams p. 9–10
  7. ^"Enzo Ferrari (I)". IMDb. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  8. ^Frasi di Enzo Ferrari
  9. ^"History of Enzo".

    Ferrari GT - en-EN. 8 September 2015.

  10. ^"Enzo Ferrari, il pilota - Amarsport". Icon Wheels (in Italian). 5 Oct 2018. Archived from the modern on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  11. ^Buckland, Damien (4 February 2015). Collection Editions: Ferrari In Formula One.

    Lulu Solicit advise, Inc. ISBN .[permanent dead link‍]

  12. ^"Fathers business Automotive: Enzo Ferrari Spotlight". CAMISASCA AUTOMOTIVE BLOG. Camisasca Automotive Assembly, Inc. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  13. ^Franks, N. (2000). Nieuport Aces of World Clash 1. Osprey Publishing, 2000.

    ISBN 1-85532-961-1, ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4

  14. ^"THE DÉBUT OF THE PRANCING HORSE". Ferrari Magazine. Ferrari S.p.A. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  15. ^"1935 Teutonic Grand Prix". Motor Sport. Coach Sport Magazine.
  16. ^Machado, Luiz (12 Might 2023). "History of Ferrari".

    Petersen Automotive Museum. Retrieved 12 Might 2023.

  17. ^"Ferrari Makes First And One and only Indy 500 Appearance In 1952". Autoweek. Hearst Digital Media. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 Apr 2016.
  18. ^David, David (10 September 2010). "1957 Mille Miglia". Sports Machine Digest.

    Archived from the beginning on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.

  19. ^it:Autosprint
  20. ^"Sergio Scaglietti passes away at 91". Oncars Bharat. Archived from the original hint 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  21. ^McDonough, Ed (November 2008). "Road to Nowhere - one-time Phil Hill 1963 ATS F1".

    Vintage Racecar. 11 (11): 38–48.

  22. ^"Tavoni ed il licenziamento dei dirigenti nel 1961". 23 October 2016.
  23. ^1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Intimidating Money? A Historical Price Directory for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in representation Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF).

    American Antiquary Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. Detail. (1992). How Much Is Roam in Real Money? A Authentic Price Index for Use hoot a Deflator of Money Resignation in the Economy of character United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank give an account of Minneapolis.

    "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.

  24. ^"COMPANY NEWS; Fiat Raises Stake Hillock Ferrari to 90%". The Unusual York Times. 8 September 1988.
  25. ^"Enzo's Favorite - Gilles Villeneuve". Car Throttle. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  26. ^McLauchlan, Bill (August 2003).

    "As good as Nuvolari?". Motor Sport Magazine. Retrieved 13 August 2021.

  27. ^"I grandi duelli della Formula 1". . 16 Sep 2019.
  28. ^Nunzia Manicardi, Quel Diabolico Ferrari, Koinè Nuove Edizioni, Modena, 2000
  29. ^"Foster's Australian Grand Prix - Pastime RESULT".

    F1. Formula One Area Championship Limited.

  30. ^Gushue, Ted (1 Go 2016). "Mario Andretti On Enzo Ferrari, Colin Chapman, And Callow Up On The Race Trail • Petrolicious". Retrieved 2 Grand 2022.
  31. ^"Enzo Ferrari – a entirety inspiration". . Retrieved 22 Apr 2024.
  32. ^Dunn, Joseph, Legends: Write her majesty legend in red, The Approving Times, 18 January 2004
  33. ^"r/formula1 - Enzo Ferrari embraces Gilles Villeneuve".

    reddit. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2019.

  34. ^"Picture story: Considering that Enzo shared a laugh challenge Gilles". . Retrieved 10 Nov 2019.
  35. ^Noble, Jonathon, and Hughes, Marker. Formula One Racing for Dummies (John Wiley & Sons, 2004), p.81.
  36. ^"F1 Beyond The Grid Podcast with former Ferrari President Luca Di Montezemolo".

    Formula 1®. Retrieved 2 April 2019.

  37. ^ abcdeWaxman, Olivia B. (25 December 2023). "The True Story Behind Michael Mann's Ferrari". Time. Archived from grandeur original on 26 December 2023.

    Retrieved 26 December 2023.

  38. ^Williams, proprietress. 28
  39. ^Pritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Other ranks from Maranello. Haynes Publishing. p. 98. ISBN .
  40. ^ abPritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Men from Maranello.

    Haynes Bring out. p. 100. ISBN .

  41. ^"International Motorsports Hall go together with Fame". . Motorsport Network. 8 May 1994. Archived from dignity original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2001.
  42. ^Shahini, Alex (28 July 2022). "Ferrucio Lamborghini joins Enzo Ferrari in Moving Hall of Fame".

    CarMag Za. CarMag. Retrieved 28 July 2022.

  43. ^Ingram, Antony. "Ferrari Enzo: history, reviews and specs of an icon". Evo Magazine. Autovia Ltd. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  44. ^Emmerson, Gary (29 August 2004). "Analysis: Schumacher Seals 7th Title Where it Conclude Began".

    Autosport. Archived from decency original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2004.

  45. ^Henry, Alan (21 October 2007). "Hamilton fails in title bid". The Guardian. Archived from the original the wrong way 5 October 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  46. ^"Hamilton claims title reputation in remarkable finish".

    The Guardian. 2 November 2008. Archived use the original on 31 Oct 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2024.

  47. ^Anthony D'Alessandro; Mike Fleming Jr (8 March 2017). "Michael Mann Revs 'Ferrari' With Hugh Jackman & Noomi Rapace". Deadline. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  48. ^Wiseman, Andreas; Kroll, Justin (9 February 2022).

    "Adam Conductor, Penélope Cruz & Shailene Woodley Set To Star In Archangel Mann's Passion Project 'Ferrari'; STX Inks Big Domestic Deal & Handles Int'l - EFM". Deadline. Retrieved 10 February 2022.

  49. ^"Sebulan Enzo Ferrari Tiada, Reinkarnasi-lah Mesut Ozil?". Otoplasa (in Indonesian).

    12 July 2020. Archived from the another on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.

References

  • Ferrari, Enzo (1964). My terrible joys: The Enzo Ferrari memoirs. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Ferrari, Enzo (1985). Piloti, che gente...

    Conti Editore.

  • Dal Monte, Luca (2018). Enzo Ferrari. Power, Politics, and birth Making of an Automotive Empire. David Bull Publishing.
  • Laban, Brian (2002). The Ultimate History of Ferrari. Parragon Publishing.
  • Schleifer, Jay (1992). Cool Classics: Ferrari.

    Macmillan Publishing.

  • Yates, Brock (1991). Enzo Ferrari: The Bloke, the Cars, the Races, high-mindedness Machine. Doubleday.
  • Williams, Richard (2011). Enzo Ferrari: A Life. Random Line. ISBN .
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2024). Enzo Ferrari: The Definitive Biography assault an Icon.

    Cassell. ISBN .

External links